Physiological and biochemical effects of boron toxicity in mustard during the seedling stage

A study was conducted to determine the physiological and biochemical effects of boron in seedlings of mustard (Brassica juncea L. var Varuna). For this seeds were sown in petridishes with varying concentrations of boron (0, 0.33, 3.3, 33, 330 mM) in seed germinator. Seed germination and vigor index was found to be decreased and percentage phytotoxicity was increased in seeds with increase in the concentration of boron in germinating solution. There was accumulation of sugars and decreased starch concentration in cotyledons and embryonic axes of growing seedling with increasing boron stress. For the estimation of oxidative damage in cotyledons and embryonic axes of mustard seedlings, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), phenols and activities of antioxidative enzymes- polyphenoloxydase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were determined. Boron toxicity caused accumulation of H₂O₂, TBARS and phenols and affected the antioxidative enzyme activity in growing seedling components.     

许昌市农药使用及药害鉴定与处理

介绍了许昌市农药的使用情况和农作物药害发生情况,归纳了药害发生的主要原因,总结了药害事故的鉴定与处理方法。     

Influence of imidacloprid seed treatments on rice germination and early seedling growth

BACKGROUND: Seed treatments with the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho 600 FS) were evaluated to determine whether differences in concentration and exposure regime influence the germination and early growth of rice. RESULTS: Continuous exposure to imidacloprid (4 days at 2000 mg AI L(-1)) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced normal germination by an average of 18% across the 15 cultivars examined. Nine days after sowing, plants showed no adverse effects from continuous imidacloprid treatment during germination, with shoot lengths and root system dry weights equalling, or occasionally exceeding (P < 0.05), those of untreated plants. Short-term imidacloprid exposure (2 h at 2000 mg L(-1)) at initial seed wetting did not affect germination (P > 0.05), and short-term (1 h) exposure of 48 h pregerminated seed to imidacloprid (2000 mg L(-1)) similarly had no significant effect on early subsequent growth. Plants arising from 48 h pregerminated seed exposed to imidacloprid (1 h) at concentrations up to 4000 mg L(-1) immediately before sowing were not significantly different from control plants at either 9 or 25 days post-sowing. CONCLUSION: Results show that imidacloprid will have no adverse effects on plant growth if applied to pregerminated rice shortly before sowing. Continuous exposure of seed during germination had more pronounced effects, and the initial response of different cultivars was highly variable. Cultivars with high levels of sensitivity (such as IR72) require further testing before continuous exposure to imidacloprid during germination can be recommended.     

磷化氢对小麦中玉米象致死效果的研究

玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)的卵、幼虫以及蛹在粮食籽粒内部生活与发育,粮粒结构会影响熏蒸气体的渗透以及对隐蔽虫态的杀虫效果,了解粮粒内卵、幼虫、蛹以及成虫对磷化氢耐受能力的差异,有助于科学有效杀虫。本文测定了3个玉米象品系对磷化氢的抗药性,及在100、200、300、400和500mL/m3的磷化氢浓度下玉米象成虫及其隐蔽虫态卵、幼虫和蛹在不同熏蒸时间的死亡率。主要结果为:3个品系的玉米象对磷化氢均未产生抗性。在各磷化氢浓度下,经6h熏蒸后100mL/m3浓度下成虫的死亡率近59%,而500mL/m3浓度下死亡率在91%以上;经12h熏蒸后各品系成虫的死亡率均达100%,而其卵、幼虫和蛹死亡率均小于100%;经24h熏蒸后,各品系的卵、幼虫和蛹死亡率达100%的磷化氢浓度需要在400mL/m3及以上;经36h熏蒸后,100mL/m3浓度可完全致死玉米象BJXNSz品系的卵、幼虫和蛹,但对另外两个品系的卵、幼虫和蛹的致死率小于100%;磷化氢熏蒸48h以上的各浓度均可完全致死受试害虫。结果表明,100mL/m3以上的磷化氢浓度均可在不同时间致死玉米象各虫态,但完全致死玉米象各虫态的时间在100mL/m3浓度下需要48h,在500mL/m3浓度下需要24h,浓度升高完全致死害虫的时间缩短。玉米象卵、幼虫和蛹对磷化氢耐受力相接近且远大于成虫。     

50%二氯喹啉酸WP替代药剂的筛选

为筛选出50%二氯喹啉酸WP的替代药剂,选择30%氯酰草膦EC、33.6%苯吡唑草酮SC、315 g/L异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆SC作为替代药剂与50%二氯喹啉酸WP在同一玉米地进行田间试验。结果表明:30%氯酰草膦EC除草效果及对玉米的安全性均未达到50%二氯喹啉酸WP同等水平,不宜作为替代药剂;33.6%苯吡唑草酮SC杂草防治效果与50%二氯喹啉酸WP相当,玉米的生长情况与50%二氯喹啉酸WP差异不显著,虽可以降低二氯喹啉酸的药害风险,但考虑到用药成本和半衰期远大于50%二氯喹啉酸WP,亦不宜作为替代药剂;315 g/L异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆SC的除草效果优于50%二氯喹啉酸WP,且易降解,可作替代药剂用于玉米-烤烟轮作区玉米地杂草防除,可以解决二氯喹啉酸对后茬烟草的药害问题。     

焦化废水胁迫对玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

针对焦化废水污染现状,采用水培试验,研究了不同体积浓度焦化废水对玉米幼苗生长、生物量、抗氧化酶活性及非酶类抗氧化物质含量的影响,以期为焦化废水的毒性检测及生物监控指标的确定提供理论依据。结果表明,焦化废水经过A2/O工艺处理后,仍然能够显著抑制玉米幼苗的生长和生物量,且该抑制作用表现为对处理浓度和作用时间的双重依赖,处理浓度增大或作用时间延长对玉米幼苗生长和生物量的抑制作用增强;同时,经焦化废水处理后,染毒组玉米幼苗抗坏血酸(AsA)含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性明显增高,而谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性却降低。这一结果提示,焦化废水经过处理后,CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N、挥发酚、氰化物、硫化物、油等物理化学指标大幅降低,但其生态风险依然存在。     

两种叶菜类蔬菜对毒死蜱的吸收转移规律

采用水培方法,研究了毒死蜱对两种叶菜类蔬菜菠菜和生菜生长的影响、在不同培养液中的降解速度以及在蔬菜中的吸收和转移规律。结果表明,低浓度毒死蜱(1.0和10.0mg·L-1)对两种供试蔬菜的生长没有明显影响,但高浓度毒死蜱(100.0mg·L-1)对两种蔬菜的生长均有一定的影响,而且生菜对毒死蜱较菠菜更为敏感。两种蔬菜均能明显促进毒死蜱在溶液中的降解,在不同溶液中的降解速度如下:菠菜-培养液>生菜-培养液>塘水>培养液。两种供试蔬菜对毒死蜱均有很强的吸收能力,而且具有相似的吸收规律。毒死蜱在菠菜根中达到最大吸收值所需的时间比生菜根所需的时间短,但在茎和叶中所需的时间两种蔬菜相同。     

Multifunctionalised benzoxazinones in the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua as natural‐product‐based herbicide leads

BACKGROUND: Fifteen novel derivatives of D‐DIBOA, including aromatic ring modifications and the addition of side chains in positions C‐2 and N‐4, had previously been synthesised and their phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS) evaluated. This strategy combined steric, electronic, solubility and lipophilicity requirements to achieve the maximum phytotoxic activity. An evaluation of the bioactivity of these compounds on the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua is reported here. RESULTS: All compounds showed inhibition profiles on the two species Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and Avena fatua L. The most marked effects were caused by 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, 6F‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA, 6Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA and 6Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA. The IC₅₀ values for the systems Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa and Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum for all compounds were compared. The compound that showed the greatest selectivity for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa was 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, which was 15 times more selective than the commercial herbicide propanil (Cotanil‐35). With regard to the system Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum, the compounds that showed the highest selectivities were 8Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA. The results obtained for 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA are of great interest because of the high phytotoxicity to Avena fatua (IC₅₀ = 6 µM , r² = 0.9616). CONCLUSION: The in vitro phytotoxicity profiles and selectivities shown by the compounds described here make them candidates for higher‐level studies. 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli‐Oryza sativa and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for Avena fatua‐Triticum aestivum were the most interesting compounds. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of petroleum spray oils on oviposition behaviour and larval survival of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

We determined the effects of petroleum spray oil (PSO) (Caltex Canopy®) on oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner adults, and larval survival of the pest moths on cotton and maize plants in the laboratory. Application of 2% (v/v) of the PSO deterred H. armigera oviposition. Increasing the rate from 2 to 5% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid by H. armigera on the treated plants. In contrast, the minimum rate at which the oil could deter oviposition of O. nubilalis on maize plants was 5% (v/v). Increasing the rate from 5 to 10% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid per plant. However, a reduction in the rate of the PSO from 5 to 3% (v/v) resulted in a 73.9% increase in oviposition activity on the maize plants. In wind tunnel bioassay tests, all mated H. armigera females tested could detect and settle on plants treated with water but with plants treated with PSO at various times, only 50% of tested females settled on the plants 4?–?5 days after treatment (DAT) and none on the plants 0?–?2 DAT. A solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) test to determine the effect of the PSO on volatiles released by the cotton plants showed that the quantity of volatiles released by the cotton plants treated with PSO was lower than for water treated plants. This indicates that the PSO sprays may be suppressing or masking the leaf surface volatiles of the cotton plants, thereby deterring oviposition of H. armigera. Larval survival data show that PSO sprays can cause direct mortality of first, second and third instar O. nubilalis larvae. PSOs may have the potential to be integrated into pest management programme targeting H. armigera and O. nubilalis on cotton and maize crops, respectively.     

农作物药害症状及防治对策

描述了农作物药害的常见症状,分析了农作物发生药害的原因,针对药害发生原因,提出了防治对策,以期为农作物生产提供参考。