水井酸处理效果预测研究

水井酸处理效果预测一直缺乏成熟的方法。提出了根据水位恢复曲线形态和含水层裂隙特征来预测井的首次酸处理效果，经与石油界所用方法有明显不同。石油界普遍认为，只有不位恢复曲线为快速上翘型的低产碳酸盐岩井才适合酸处理（即基质酸化），但作者近年来发现，多数水位恢复曲线为直线型的低产碳酸盐岩井，即井中含水层裂隙平均宽度＜5mm的井，酸处理效果也很好，被调查3眼这类井的单位涌水量增加值平均为423％；水位恢复曲线为缓慢上翘型的井中，部分含水层裂隙被松散物充填的井，采用特殊的酸处理方法处理后，井的单位涌水量可增加100％。另外，采用适当的方法，使用足够数量的酸进行首次酸处理后，水井再进行酸处理一般效果都很差。     

Impacts of Institutional Reforms on Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan

Poor functioning of theirrigation system in Pakistan has been asource of concern for the last few decades,during which time it has been the subject ofconsiderable external assistance andinternal policy reforms. Consequently, thegovernment of Pakistan introducedinstitutional restructuring in irrigationand drainage subsectors to impartnecessary improvements. Under thesereforms, management at secondary canallevel has recently been handed over to theFarmers Organizations (FOs) of selecteddistributaries in pilot areas. This studywas designed to evaluate a farmer-manageddistributary in southern Punjab. Fieldmeasurements revealed that hydraulicaspects of the irrigation service deliveredby the FO management has been significantlyimproved and as a result highlyproportionate and equitable waterdistribution was observed, particularly atthe tail reaches of the distributary. Dueto effective FO management farmers'interventions to increase the outletdischarge by illegal means has been almosteradicated. As a result of theseimprovements imparted by the FO in systemmanagement, the extent of irrigated area hasincreased on average by 6 to 7%, evenunder severe drought-like conditionsprevailing in the country during recentyears. Further cost recoveries haveincreased by an amount of 14% for summerand 23% for winter growing seasons,respectively, from the irrigated area of thedistributary. Thus experience from Hakra4-R distributary has shown that even underundesirable natural circumstancesIrrigation Management Transfer (IMT) wasquite effective in achieving the keytargets of the institutional reformslaunched at pilot scale in the country.     

弧型齿残膜捡拾滚筒捡膜的机理

对弧型齿残膜清理滚筒捡膜齿的轴向排列、滚筒转速、捡膜齿运动轨迹和各相关参数进行分析研究,初步找出弧型捡膜齿满足要求的排列布置、滚筒转速和合理的入土深度,确定了残膜回收机具的运动参数λ范围,为残膜清理滚筒的设计提供了理论依据。试验表明,所设计的残膜回收机具运动参数是合理的,在保证膜土分离效果好和较高残膜捡拾率的前提下可显著提高工作效率。     

Introduction of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in Indonesia: Institutional development in action for resources management

The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works) - EOM Efficient Operation and Maintenance - Gabungan group of WUAs - IPAIR Indonesian abbreviation for ISF - ISF Irrigation Service Fee - Juru gate keeper - PBB land tax on irrigated lands - PPL agricultural field extension agent - P3A Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations - PU Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works - SM Special Maintenance - WUA Water Users Associations     

Simulation of drainage water quality with DRAINMOD

The design and management of drainage systems should consider impacts on drainage water quality and receiving streams, as well as on agricultural productivity. Two simulation models that are being developed to predict these impacts are briefly described. DRAINMOD-N uses hydrologic predictions by DRAINMOD, including daily soil water fluxes, in numerical solutions to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation to describe movement and fate of NO₃-N in shallow water table soils. DRAINMOD- CREAMS links DRAINMOD hydrology with submodels in CREAMS to predict effects of drainage treatment and controlled drainage losses of sediment and agricultural chemicals via surface runoff. The models were applied to analyze effects of drainage intensity on a Portsmouth sandy loam in eastern North Carolina. Depending on surface depressional storage, agricultural production objectives could be satisfied with drain spacings of 40 m or less. Predicted effects of drainage design and management on NO₃-N losses were substantial. Increasing drain spacing from 20 m to 40 m reduced predicted NO₃-N losses by over 45% for both good and poor surface drainage. Controlled drainage further decreases NO₃-N losses. For example, predicted average annual NO₃-N losses for a 30 m spacing were reduced 50% by controlled drainage. Splitting the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so that 100 kg/ha is applied at planting and 50 kg/ha is applied 37 days later, reduced average predicted NO₃-N losses but by only 5 to 6%. This practice was more effective in years when heavy rainfall occurred directly after planting. In contrast to effects on NO₃-N losses, reducing drainage intensity by increasing drain spacing or use of controlled drainage increased predicted losses of sediment and phosphorus (P). These losses were small for relatively flat conditions (0.2% slope), but may be large for even moderate slopes. For example, predicted sediment losses for a 2% slope exceeded 8000 kg/ha for a poorly drained condition (drain spacing of 100 m), but were reduced to 2100 kg/ha for a 20 m spacing. Agricultural production and water quality goals are sometimes in conflict. Our results indicate that simulation modeling can be used to examine the benefits of alternative designs and management strategies, from both production and environmental points-of-view. The utility of this methodology places additional emphasis on the need for field experiments to test the validity of the models over a range of soil, site and climatological conditions.     

肥料结构对红壤性水稻土氮磷钾养分状况的影响

本文论述了三种肥料结构对红壤性水稻土氮磷钾养分状况的影响。土壤中的生物学有效性氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基酸、速效磷和活性有机磷的含量变化趋势是,以作物残体+灶灰+猪粪+化肥处理>作物残体+灶灰+化肥处理>绿肥+化肥处理。在各处理中,土壤中速效钾和缓效钾的含量变化不大,但采取秸杆、灶灰、菜籽饼和猪粪还田的措施,在节约化学钾肥提高作物产量中起了良好作用。     

干渣吸附处理含磷污水的研究

采用批量平衡法，研究了水体磷浓度、干渣粒径和温度对干渣吸附除磷效果的影响，探讨了干渣对水体中磷素的选择性吸附特征及其饱和吸附磷素后的解吸释磷现象。结果表明，溶液浓度越高，干渣吸附除磷速率越慢，效率越低。磷浓度为6和12mg·L^-1时，作用20h后，除磷效率可达90%。干渣粒径越小，除磷速率越快，效果也越好，磷浓度为12mg·L^-1，吸附平衡后，30、60和100目干渣的除磷效率分别为80%、93%和96%。温度对干渣除磷效果的影响较大，磷浓度为12mg·L^-1，25和35℃时，除磷效率可达95%，但在5℃时，除磷效率仅为75%。干渣能够选择性地吸附去除水体中的磷素，适宜作为除磷吸附剂，处理多种含磷污水。     

改性木质素对砖红壤磷素有效性的影响

磷肥施入砖土壤后，土壤速效磷随着时间的推移，呈现下降的趋势。利用改性木质素缓释磷铵，可以有效地络合土壤活性钵，降低其活性，从而阻止土壤速效磷被固定，使土壤磷素维持在较高的水平。土壤中交换性钙和交换性镁对土壤速效磷的影响不大。     

Phosphorus Response and Fertilizer Recommendations for Wheat Grown on Nitisols in the Central Ethiopian Highlands

The provision of farmers with proper and balanced fertilizer recommendations is becoming increasingly important, for reasons of crop productivity, food security, and sustainability. Phosphorus (P) response trials with wheat were conducted on Nitisols at 14 sites in the central Ethiopian highlands during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The treatments, comprising six levels of P fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg P ha^?1), were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Based on a yield difference between the control and the P treatments, 90% of sites responded to P fertilizer. Application of P fertilizer increased wheat grain yield, up to 30% more than the control. Extractable soil P concentrations (Bray 2, 0–15 cm deep) 3 weeks after planting significantly responded to P fertilizer rate. The critical P concentration (for 90% relative yield) was 13.5 mg kg^?1. Most sites tested had Bray 2 P values <10 mg kg^?1. In the absence of a soil test, a recommendation of 40 kg P ha^?1, resulting in the best response overall, could be made for the first year of application. We also recommend that to prevent a potential loss of wheat yield, a maintenance application of at least 5–12 kg P ha^?1 be applied every year, irrespective of the calculated recommended rate, in order to replace P exported from the field in produce. Further field trials are required to determine interactions between P response and the effects of climate, soil properties, and other management practices.     

彭州市丹景山镇典型农作物输出系数研究

农业非点源污染具有随机性大、分布范围广、危害性大等特点,已成为重要的环境污染方式。根据现场实测,分析了四川省彭州市丹景山镇不同作物田的总氮、总磷输出系数,探讨了不同作物及不同典型水文年输出系数形成差异的原因,完善了输出系数模型,为控制丹景山镇农业氮素、磷素的输出提供建议。