Foodborne outbreak of Salmonella subspecies IV infections associated with contamination from bearded dragons

Approximately 1.4 million Salmonella infections and 400 deaths occur annually in the United States. Approximately 6% of human Salmonella cases are thought to be associated with reptiles; Salmonella enterica subspecies IV is primarily reptile-associated. During 1-4 December, 2009, three isolates of Salmonella IV 6,7:z4,z24:- with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were identified through Minnesota Department of Health laboratory-based surveillance. None of the three patients associated with the isolates reported reptile contact; however, all had attended the same potluck dinner. Dinner attendees were asked questions regarding illness history, foods they prepared for and consumed at the event, and pet ownership. Cases were defined as illness in a person who had eaten potluck food and subsequently experienced fever and diarrhoea (three or more loose stools in 24 h) or laboratory-confirmed infection with Salmonella IV matching the outbreak PFGE subtype. Nineteen days after the event, environmental samples were collected from a food preparer's house where two pet bearded dragons were kept. Sixty-six of 73 potluck food consumers were interviewed; 19 cases were identified; 18 persons reported illness but did not meet the case definition. Median incubation period was 19 h (range: 3-26 h). Median duration of illness was 5 days (range: 1-11 days). Consumption of gravy, prepared by the bearded dragons' asymptomatic owner, was associated with illness (16/32 exposed versus 1/12 unexposed; risk ratio: 6.0; exact P = 0.02). Salmonella Labadi was recovered from 10 samples, including from one bearded dragon, the bathroom door knob and sink drain, and the kitchen sink drain. The outbreak PFGE subtype of Salmonella subspecies IV was isolated from vacuum-cleaner bag contents. This foodborne outbreak probably resulted from environmental contamination from bearded dragons. Reptiles pose a community threat when food for public consumption is prepared in households with reptiles.     

森林害虫的发生、治理与环境的关系

本文分析了森林害虫的发生规律及与环境的关系，并从生态学的角度提出了控制森林害虫数量增长的措施。     

太湖稻区单季稻褐飞虱防控策略

太湖单季稻区褐飞虱的主峰迁入期是7月10-25日,20世纪90年代后是7月10-20日,迁入峰只有1个。若遇水稻分蘖中后期,则增殖1代就可进入主害代,若遇水稻分蘖前期,则需增殖2代才能进入主害代。处于分蘖后期至齐穗期的增殖代是主害代暴发的关键,盛夏高温对抑制褐飞虱的发生作用不大。随着农艺措施的改变,单季晚稻褐飞虱发生期由8月中下旬推迟到了9月25-30日,褐飞虱的发生已进入低迁入、高增长阶段,由此提出"治前补后"的防控策略和"狠治拔节至孕穗末期,补治穗期"的防治技术。     

谷粒黑穗病发生规律与防治研究

谷粒黑穗病是一个全国性的病害,对谷子生产危害很大。粒黑穗病的发生程度直接与菌源数量、土壤环境以及幼苗出土速度有关。病菌在幼苗一心叶期前均可实现侵染,以种子露白到芽长1厘米阶段内的侵染发病量最高。用50％多菌灵可湿性粉剂、40％拌种双可湿性粉剂、50％禾穗胺可湿性粉剂以及25％百理通可湿性粉剂拌种(剂量为种子重量的0.2—0.3％),可有效地控制粒黑穗病的危害,防治效果达80—100％,用25％瑞毒霉可湿性粉剂与上述杀菌剂等量拌种,可兼治粒黑穗病与白发病。四种防治粒黑穗病的拌种剂不论是单用,还是与瑞毒霉混用,对谷子的发芽与幼苗生长均无药害。1984—1985年在齐齐哈尔市15个市县示范防治面积172万亩,平均防治效果80％,增收粮食2196.5万公斤,经济效益527万元。     

林地鼢鼠发生规律与林分郁闭度的模型分析

通过对次改林地11年的鼢鼠发生和林分郁闭度关系研究发现,鼢鼠密度上升期,鼢鼠密度、雌雄比与郁闭度呈递增关系,成亚比与郁闭度呈递减关系;密度下降期,随着林木的增长,林分郁闭度加大,鼢鼠密度降低,雌雄比下降,成亚比上升,并逐渐趋向稳定。全面清坡、竖向清坡和块状清坡造林,林地鼢鼠对林分郁闭度适应的最大值在0.430左右,范围在0.399～0.458之间;水平带状造林和更新林,林地鼢鼠对林分郁闭度适应的最大值在0.584左右,范围为0.568～0.585。鼢鼠各繁殖参数与郁闭度的关系总体符合一元三次回归模型。繁殖上升过程,繁殖参数与林分郁闭度呈递增关系,林地鼢鼠怀孕率和繁殖指数的最佳适应林分郁闭度为0.290,平均胎仔数的最佳林分郁闭度为0.210,取值范围均在0.060～0.430之间。林地鼢鼠繁殖强度下降过程,繁殖参数与林分郁闭度呈递减关系。     

小蠹类害虫发生危害的关键因素分析

影响小蠹虫发生危害的因素很多,有寄主树木特性、小蠹虫的种内和种间关系、小蠹共生真菌及天敌、森林生态环境、人为因素等等,本文综述了这些关键因素以便为小蠹虫的可持续控制提供帮助。     

茄果类和瓜类灰霉病的发生及防治

灰霉病在保护地蔬菜中发生普遍 ,危害严重。针对目前灰霉病在黄瓜、蕃茄上的危害症状及发生规律 ,提出几点切实可行的防治措施     

人心果斑螟的初步研究

人心果斑螟是危害人心果的主要新害虫,幼虫蛀食果实、花蕾及嫩梢,果实被害率平均达42.3％。在海南岛年发生10～11代,一世代需时28～35天;成虫夜出性,产卵量9～123粒,多产于果实表面;幼虫4～5龄,老龄幼虫多在果内化蛹;成虫羽化时间多在20—24时。清除被害果,修剪受荫枝,禁止虫果外运,是较为简便的防治方法。     

Flea market finds and global exports: Four multistate outbreaks of human Salmonella infections linked to small turtles,United States—2015

Zoonotic transmission of Salmonella infections causes an estimated 11% of salmonellosis annually in the United States. This report describes the epidemiologic, traceback and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of four multistate outbreaks of Salmonella infections linked to small turtles. Salmonella isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strains were isolated from a total of 143 ill people in the United States, pet turtles, and pond water samples collected from turtle farm A, as well as ill people from Chile and Luxembourg. Almost half (45%) of infections occurred in children aged <5 years, underscoring the importance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendation to keep pet turtles and other reptiles out of homes and childcare settings with young children. Although only 43% of the ill people who reported turtle exposure provided purchase information, most small turtles were purchased from flea markets or street vendors, which made it difficult to locate the vendor, trace the turtles to a farm of origin, provide education and enforce the United States federal ban on the sale and distribution of small turtles. These outbreaks highlight the importance of improving public awareness and education about the risk of Salmonella from small turtles not only in the United States but also worldwide.     

桑园暴发枝枯菌核病的原因及防治对策

枝枯菌核病严重危害桑园生产。文章总结桑园暴发桑枝枯菌核病的为害症状、病源、发病特点,分析其发病原因,根据多年桑蚕生产技术经验,提出防治措施,以供参考。