海南岛槟榔细菌性条斑病的发生规律

1985年,在屯昌县海南药材场槟榔园首次发现槟榔细菌性条斑病[Xanthomonas campestris PV.arecae(Rao & Mohan)Dye]。而后,陵水、琼海、万宁、儋县、保亭、乐东、白沙、琼中、通什和三亚等县(市)均有该病发生,严重影响槟榔生长和产量。田间病害的调查及系统观察结果表明,该病在海南岛周年都可发生,8—12月份为病害盛发期。温热、多雨、高湿是病害发生发展的重要条件,台风雨是病害流行的主导因素。各龄槟榔树都可感病,幼树发病严重,结果树在台风雨期间受害也严重。     

区域尺度油松毛虫灾害发生相关气象因子筛选

以我国北方4省10年(2002—2011)77个灾害点的虫情数据和由油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaeformis)具体生活史衍生的73个气象因子为基础,运用典型相关分析法和主成分分析法,筛选出了与油松毛虫不同发生程度相关的主要气象因子。结果表明:与重度发生呈正相关的是Ⅱ期平均最高温度(r=0.93)、9月份最高温度(r=0.81),而与重度发生呈负相关的是年平均湿度(r=-0.69);与中度发生相关的主要是Ⅰ期平均温度(r=0.49)、Ⅱ期平均温度(r=0.61);与轻度发生相关的主要是年平均温度(r=0.75)、Ⅲ期平均相对湿度(r=0.62)。此结果结合其他的环境因子,在以温度和降水变化为主要特征的气候变化背景下,可对林业有害生物灾害暴发进行评价和预报。     

马尾松毛虫暴发机制分析

马尾松毛虫的暴发过程具有周期性和突发性相结合的特点,不同环境条件下,即不同的发生区,发生类型不一样,常灾区是典型的暴发发生类型,偶灾区和无灾区一般为渐进发生型、扩散发生型和低密度稳定发生型.暴发的原因一方面是马尾松毛虫具备了成为暴发种的遗传特性,另一方面是大面积马尾松纯林的存在.暴发的启动因子为高温干旱或由环境噪音引起的混沌动态,暴发的上升期为正密度相关作用驱使,下降期和潜伏期主要是由松树诱导抗性、严重失叶和天敌所引起的负密度相关的作用.松林和松林节肢动物群落结构的多样性是抑制马尾松毛虫暴发的主要因素.     

水稻条纹叶枯病暴发原因分析与综合防治技术

条纹叶枯病连年暴发,已成为当前水稻生产上非常严重的问题。为此,详细分析了近年来水稻条纹叶枯病危害加重的原因,其中包括:耕作制度和栽培方式的改变,有利于传毒介体灰飞虱繁衍;冬季气候偏暖,有利于灰飞虱的越冬,造成虫口基数偏大;生产上推广的水稻品种抗病性较差;缺乏有效的防治药剂等。结合河南省生产实际,提出了以选用抗病品种、适期推迟播种、平衡施肥、除草和治虫防病为主的综合防治对策     

稻纵卷叶螟发生程度及发生期预测模型研究

对余庆县1982~2004年稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocis medinalisGuenee)测报资料的筛选分析结果为,第三代幼虫发生程度预测回归模型^y=0.1802 0.0024x1 0.0050x2 0.0185x3±Sy/12=0.6924,第四代幼虫发生程度预测回归模型^y=0.2853 0.0005x1 0.0084x2 0.0112x3±Sy/12=0.6334;第三代低龄幼虫盛发期预测回归模型^y=13.3830 0.6823x±Sy/x=2.61,第四代低龄幼虫盛发期预测回归模型^y=3.1293 0.8776x±Sy/x=2.951。利用其回归模型对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫发生程度和低龄幼虫盛发期进行预测,其方法简便,结果较为准确。     

中国草地贪夜蛾的防控策略

草地贪夜蛾2019年已经在中国南方和周边国家的热带、南亚热带地区完成定殖过程。自2020年起,将在春、夏两季随季风向北逐代迁移进入中国长江流域、黄河流域和东北小麦、玉米等重要农作物主产区发生为害,形成对国家粮食生产安全的长期性威胁。作者基于对草地贪夜蛾生物学习性和发生规律的认识,借鉴中国棉铃虫等重大农业害虫防控的经验教训,提出了中国草地贪夜蛾防控工作"两步走"策略。在近年内,实施以化学防治、物理防治、生物防治和农业防治为主的综合防治技术体系,旨在解决短期内生产上草地贪夜蛾为害的应急管控问题。然后通过现代农业信息技术和生物技术的创新与应用,力争在3～5年的时间内构建和实施以精准监测预警、迁飞高效阻截和种植Bt玉米为核心的综合防治技术体系,实现低成本、绿色可持续控制目标,满足中国农业生产高质量发展和社会生态文明建设的战略性需求。     

贵州省首次暴发山羊痘的诊断研究

山羊痘于 2 0 0 2年 1 0月在贵州省首次流行并被确诊。本次疫病以皮肤、呼吸道及消化道粘膜发生痘疹为主要特征 ;取病料经绒毛尿囊膜接种鸡胚传代 ,F2 绒毛尿囊膜明显增厚 ,在接种部位形成明显的痘斑。经病理组织学检查 ,患病皮肤在光学显微镜下可见细胞浆内出现嗜酸性包涵体。电子显微镜观察到典型的痘病毒粒子 ,细菌学检查阴性。为此 ,这次暴发流行的疫病确诊为山羊痘     

小齿短肛棒(虫脩)的发生与治理

小齿短肛棒Xiu Baculum minutidentatum Chen et He近年在吉林省通化市大面积发生，危害非常严重。该虫大发生的原因主要有：生物学因素：营孤雌生殖、寄主范围广、食量大、具有迁移现象、拟态现象、假死现象和断肢再生能力，环境因素：温度、湿度、越冬场所、天敌种类和林分组成以及社会因素等。该虫的治理方法包括营林措施、人工防治、生物防治和化学防治。     

Description of the first Schmallenberg disease outbreak in Spain and subsequent virus spreading in domestic ruminants

Schmallenberg disease (SBD) is an emerging disease transmitted mainly among ruminant species by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. Since the Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was first identified in Germany in late 2011, it rapidly spread to other European countries. The aims of the present study were to describe the first SBD outbreak in Spain and to assess the spread and risk factors associated with SBV infection in domestic ruminants from nearby farms during the following year. In March 2012, one malformed stillborn lamb from a sheep farm located in Cordoba province (Southern Spain) was subjected to necropsy. Pathological compatible lesions and molecular analyses confirmed the first SBV infection in Spain. Afterwards, serum samples from 505 extensively reared domestic ruminants from 29 farms were analysed using both blocking ELISA and virus neutralization test against SBV. The overall seroprevalence was 54.4% (CI_95%: 50.0–58.7). Antibodies were detected in 70.6%, 46.0% and 34.8% of cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. A generalized estimating equation model indicated that the main risk factors associated with SBV infection were: species (cattle), age (adult), and absence of animal insecticide treatment. Pathological and molecular results confirmed the presence of SBV in Spain few months after it was firstly identified in Germany. The seroprevalence detected indicates a widespread circulation of SBV in nearby domestic ruminant farms one year after this first outbreak was reported in Spain. Further studies are warranted to determine the spatio-temporal trend of SBV in domestic ruminants in this country.     

Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica infections linked to animal contact: Demographic and outbreak characteristics and comparison to foodborne outbreaks—United States, 2009–2014

In the United States, multistate Salmonella outbreaks are most commonly linked to a food source; however, contact with live animals can also result in outbreaks of human illness. To characterize Salmonella outbreaks linked to animal contact and examine differences compared to foodborne outbreaks, we analysed data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) from 2009 to 2014 with a primary mode of transmission listed as “animal contact” or “food.” Four hundred and eighty‐four outbreaks with animal contact or foodborne transmission were reported through NORS; of these outbreaks, 99 (20.5%) resulted from Salmonella transmission through animal contact and 385 (79.5%) resulted from foodborne transmission, which resulted in 3,604 (19.8%) and 13,568 (80.2%) illnesses, respectively. A higher proportion of illnesses among children aged <1 year and children aged 1–4 years were linked to animal contact outbreaks compared to foodborne outbreaks (15.2% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.01 and 24.5% vs. 5.6%, p < 0.01, respectively). Illnesses resulting in hospitalizations (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.62, 2.02) were more likely to be associated with animal contact compared to food. Animal contact outbreaks reported to NORS were more likely to be multistate compared to foodborne outbreaks (OR: 5.43, 95% CI: 3.37, 8.76) and had a longer median duration (99.0 days vs. 9.0 days, p < 0.01). Characterizing the differences between outbreaks of illness linked to animal contact and outbreaks linked to food provides useful information to investigators to improve public health response.