Short-term effects of de-oiled olive pomace mulching application on a young super high-density olive orchard

A two-year field experiment was performed in order to evaluate the suitability of de-oiled olive pomace for soil management in a young super high-density olive orchard. In the literature there are not works on this topic.     

丽江市油橄榄引种栽培试验初报

在丽江市的大具乡建立油橄榄示范园,并于2006年开始先后引进国外14个油橄榄优良品种进行栽培试验。文中详细阐述了示范园建设中的整地、打塘、施肥、苗木定植以及建园后管理等各项技术措施。结果表明,大具乡的自然、气候条件非常适合油橄榄的栽培;油橄榄品种具有自交不亲和性,需要不同品种之间授粉;14个油橄榄品种在示范区的生长情况良好,大多数成活率都在80%以上,特别是2006年引进的ARBEQUINA SELC和KORONEIKI的生长挂果情况较为突出,2009年引进的鄂植8号、皮肖利和莱星生长、抗病性也非常突出,可重点选育这几个品种作为主栽品种进行推广种植。     

Effects of temperature,inoculum concentration,leaf age,and continuous and interrupted wetness on infection of olive plants by Spilocaea oleagina

Experiments were conducted on olive plants in controlled environments to determine the effect of conidial concentration, leaf age, temperature, continuous and interrupted leaf wetness periods, and relative humidity (RH) during the drier periods that interrupted wet periods, on olive leaf spot (OLS) severity. As inoculum concentration increased from 1·0 × 10² to 2·5 × 10⁵ conidia mL^?1, the severity of OLS increased at all five temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C). A simple polynomial model satisfactorily described the relationship between the inoculum concentration at the upper asymptote (maximum number of lesions) and temperature. The results showed that for the three leaf age groups tested (2–4, 6–8 and 10–12 weeks old) OLS severity decreased significantly (P < 0·001) with increasing leaf age at the time of inoculation. Overall, temperature also affected (P < 0·001) OLS severity, with the lesion numbers increasing gradually from 5°C to a maximum at 15°C, and then declining to a minimum at 25°C. When nine leaf wetness periods (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h) were tested at the same temperatures, the numbers of lesions increased with increasing leaf wetness period at all temperatures tested. The minimum leaf wetness periods for infection at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C were 18, 12, 12, 12 and 24 h, respectively. The wet periods during early infection processes were interrupted with drying periods (0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h) at two levels of RH (70 and 100%). The length of drying period had a significant (P < 0·001) effect on disease severity, the effect depending on the RH during the interruption. High RH (100%) resulted in greater disease severity than low RH (70%). A polynomial equation with linear and quadratic terms of temperature, wetness and leaf age was developed to describe the effects of temperature, wetness and leaf age on OLS infection, which could be incorporated as a forecasting component of an integrated system for the control of OLS.     

Soil salinity and its distribution determined by soil sampling and electromagnetic techniques

Abstract. Diagnosis of soil salinity and its spatial variability is required to establish control measures in irrigated agriculture. This article shows the usefulness of electromagnetic (EM) and soil sampling techniques to map salinity. We analysed the salinity of a 1‐ha plot of surface‐irrigated olive plantation in Aragon, NE Spain, by measuring the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (EC_e) of soil samples taken at 22 points, and by reading the Geonics EM38 sensor at 141 points in the horizontal (EM_H) and vertical (EM_V) dipole positions. EM_H and EM_V values had asymmetrical bimodal distributions, with most readings in the non‐saline range and a sharp transition to relatively high readings. Most salinity profiles were uniform (i.e. EM_H=EM_V), except in areas with high salinity and concurrent shallow water tables, where the profiles were inverted as shown by EM_H > EM_V, and by EC_e being greater in shallow than in deeper layers. The regressions of EC_e on EM readings predicted EC_e with R² > 84% for the 0–100 to 0–150 cm soil depths. We then produced salinity contour maps from the 141 EC_e values estimated from the electromagnetic readings and the 22 measured values of EC_e. Owing to the high soil sampling density, the maps were similar (i.e. mean surface‐weighted EC_e values between 3.9 dS m^?1 and 4.2 dS m^?1), although the electromagnetically estimated EC_e improved the mapping of details. Whereas soil sampling is preferred for analysing the vertical distribution of soil salinity, the electromagnetic sensor is ideal for mapping the lateral variability of soil salinity.     

Genetic relationships and hybrid vigour in olive (Olea europaea L.) by microsatellites

The olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most important oleaginous crops of the Mediterranean basin. Increased demand for olive oil creates a need for new olive varieties to help meet the requirements of the global market. However, olive breeding has been handicapped by such varied challenges as a prolonged juvenile period, agrotechnical problems and insufficient genetic knowledge. The use of DNA markers has the potential to overcome these problems and increase the effectiveness of classical breeding programmes. In this study, co‐dominant polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used as markers to analyse the genetic relationships between several local and other ‘non‐native’ olive cultivars. Cluster analysis revealed four major groups among the 15 cultivars examined in this study. Table and oil cultivars were clustered in different groups. However, the clusters did not differentiate between cultivars of different geographical origins. In addition, we used the data gathered to analyse genetic relationships to evaluate the effects of heterosis in agricultural traits. Genetic distances between cultivars were determined based on the SSR genotype data and were used for evaluating the possible effects of heterosis in various F₁ populations. Interestingly, phenotypic data of F₁ progenies from crosses between different cultivars indicated the potential effects of heterosis as expressed in several traits. Genetic distance between parents was significantly correlated to F₁ performance for three traits: percentage of dry fruit weight, oil content and commercial oil production. Thus, crosses between olive cultivars exhibiting relatively extensive genetic distances one from the other are expected to result in better progeny performance in future Olea breeding programmes. Our study linked assessment of biodiversity of commercial olive cultivars with the application of this information in olive breeding programmes for selection of specific parents to generate superior new cultivars.     

橄榄浓缩汁加工过程中的褐变类型

通过检测橄榄浓缩汁加工过程中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,多酚、VC、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)含量和褐变度等指标,研究整个加工过程中各阶段的褐变类型,分析褐变机制.结果表明:橄榄浓缩汁在加工过程中,热烫基本抑制了橄榄汁的酶促褐变,全过程以非酶促褐变为主;VC氧化褐变持续存在,加工过程中损失了90%以上;热烫、酶解和浓缩阶段发生了美拉德反应,最终5-HMF的含量升高至0.9174 mg·L-1.     

咸宁市桂花资源地理标志知识产权现状及对策

介绍了我国地理标志保护概况及桂花资源的地理标志知识产权保护概况,分析了咸宁市桂花资源的优势,并从地理标志特征、地理标志保护、非物质文化遗产等方面,探讨咸宁县桂花及其相关特产的地理标志保护对策。     

不同成熟度油橄榄油品品质研究

为明确不同成熟度油橄榄油品品质的变化规律,建立不同品种的质量体系,让企业和种植户能够根据自己的侧重点选择需要种植的品种,以提高生产效率和产品质量。以城固(Chenggu)、莱星(Leccino)、切姆拉尔(Chemlal de kabylie)0～7个成熟度的油橄榄果实为试验材料,对3个品种的出油率、酸价、过氧化值、多酚含量、主要脂肪酸等品质指标进行测定。结果表明,第7成熟度切姆拉尔的出油率最高,为13.6%;第0成熟度城固的最低,为2.1%。脂肪酸组成中油酸含量最高,为53.31%～71.64%;棕榈酸含量为12.91%～16.53%,棕榈一烯酸含量为0.42%～2.09%,硬脂酸含量为1.25%～2.96%,亚油酸含量为7.48%～18.24%;亚麻酸含量最低,为0.63%～1.51%。多酚含量,第1成熟度以城固最多,为281.91 mg/kg;第2成熟度以切姆拉尔最低,为73.53 mg/kg。多酚含量随着成熟度的增加会有一个先增加再减小的趋势;酸价(最高为0.67 mg/g)、过氧化值(最高为0.71 g/kg)远低于国标中对特级初榨橄榄油的限度。可见,3个油橄榄品种的油脂质量均比较高,其中切姆拉尔出油率较高,城固多酚含量较高。