Nutritive value of sorghum silage for sheep

This study compared ensiled sorghum (ES) from two varieties (first and second cuts) with corn silage (CS) for chemical analysis, total-tract nutrient digestibility, ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites in sheep. Five experimental silages representing first cut ES var. Pegah (PS1), second cut ES var. Pegah (PS2), first cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS1), second cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS2) and CS were assessed for chemical analysis, silage fermentation and anti-quality compounds. Diets consisted of lucerne hay, silage and a premix (at the ratio of 53.5:46:0.5 on a dry matter [DM] basis). Feed consumption, total-tract nutrient digestibility, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS), ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites were determined in a Latin square design of five periods with five male sheep. Compared to sorghum, CS had lower (p < 0.01) concentrations of ash, water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein, but higher starch, lignin (sa), non-structural carbohydrates and apparent nutrient digestibility. The measurements of pH, lactic acid, NH₃-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) confirmed that all silages were well-preserved. The anti-quality compound levels in the silages were below the safe limits for ruminants. No differences were observed in feed consumption (p > 0.05) and total-tract digestibility of DM and nutrients (p > 0.05). Rumen pH, NH₃-N, VFA concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Sheep fed on sorghum silage showed a decrease (p < 0.01) in total protozoa, and particularly in the Entodiniae population. There were no differences in cellulolytic bacteria counts (p > 0.05) among treatments. Urinary N, MNS and blood biochemistry metabolites showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Silages from both cuts of sorghum had comparable total-tract nutrient digestibility to CS, therefore, these varieties could be used as a more drought resilient silage source in the feeding of sheep.     

柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化率及乳成分的影响

试验评估不同水平柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化及乳成分的影响。将32头泌乳性能一致的奶牛随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头。对照组饲喂粗脂肪水平为3%的日粮,处理组分别饲喂粗脂肪水平为5.5%的日粮同时添加0(T1)、5%(T2)和10%(T3)柑橘渣。结果显示,与对照组相比,处理组奶牛的粗脂肪摄入量、干物质和粗脂肪表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),T2和T3组奶牛粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于对照组和T1组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,处理组乳中粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),总固形物含量显著降低(P<0.05),乳中粗脂肪产量显著降低(P<0.05)。对照组乳中C10∶0脂肪酸含量最高,而T3组乳中C8∶0脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸浓度最高,饱和脂肪酸浓度表现最低。处理组乳中n-3/n-6脂肪酸显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在高脂肪(5.5%粗脂肪)日粮中添加5%或10%柑橘渣可以提高奶牛粗蛋白表观消化率,且对奶牛的泌乳量和乳品质无负面影响。     

日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响。试验选择平均初始体重（296±32.33）kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的肉牛48头,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头。对照组肉牛饲喂不含油脂的日粮,处理组肉牛分别饲喂含有5%棕榈油、亚麻油和包被脂肪的日粮。在为期10周的饲养试验后测定相关指标。结果：对照组与包被脂肪组干物质、有机物和氮摄入量及干物质、有机物表观消化率显著高于棕榈油和亚麻油组（P＜0.05）,而包被脂肪组与亚麻油组粗脂肪摄入量显著高于对照组和棕榈油组（P＜0.05）。对照组粗脂肪表观消化率较其他组分别显著降低31.94%、32.17%和33.56%（P＜0.05）,而亚麻油组中性洗涤纤维表观消化率较其他组分别显著降低18.61%、17.10%和19.68%（P＜0.05）。包被脂肪组瘤胃不饱和脂肪酸流量较对照组和棕榈油组分别显著提高152.26%和240%（P＜0.05）。对照组与包被脂肪组瘤胃氨氮浓度显著高于棕榈油组和亚麻油组（P＜0.05）。结论：包被脂肪降低了脂肪对瘤胃发酵的影响,其对瘤胃饱和脂肪酸流量的影响与亚麻油相似,但棕榈油降低了瘤胃氨氮浓度,不能有效向瘤胃提供不饱和脂肪酸。 [关键词]油脂原料|肉牛|生长性能|养分消化|瘤胃发酵     

枸杞的微波干燥特性及其对品质的影响

为了缩短枸杞的干燥时间、节约干燥成本,运用微波试验装置,通过选择不用的干燥功率和物料铺放厚度,研究了枸杞微波干燥特性及其对干燥后产品品质的影响。研究结果表明:微波干燥作用于枸杞干燥降速干燥阶段可以大幅缩短枸杞干燥周期,微波组合干燥较自然晾晒缩短时间约65h,约占自然晾晒干燥周期的72%;干燥功率和物料层厚度是影响微波干燥时间的重要因素,微波功率越大,物料层厚度越小,则物料干燥时间越短;不同的微波干燥参数对干后产品品质有不同影响,微波功率为1k W,当物料层厚度平铺为2cm时,干燥后产品多糖保存率和感官品质最好。     

Effect of Aerosol OT and Paraformaldehyde Supplement on the Voluntary Intake,Digestion and Metabolism of Late-pregnant Ewe Fed with Ground Diet

The Small-tail Han ewes with 3 years old, (48.7±2.0)kg body weight, carring the multi-lamb gene, were fed with the same diet, mating after one month.18 pregnant ewes were selected and divided into 3 groups(groups 1(control group), 2 and 3).From 90 days of pregnancy, groups 2 and 3 were supplemented with aerosol OT(800 mg/kg) and paraformaldehyde(300 mg/kg), respectively, and the experiments of digestion and metabolism were carried on from 121 to 130 days of pregnancy to study the effect of aerosol OT and paraformaldehyde supplements on the voluntary intake, digestion and metabolism, lambing of late-pregnant ewes.The results showed that when fed with aerosol OT, the voluntary intake of dry matter was increased by 13.0%(P<0.01);The amount of digestion of DM, OM, CP, cellulose and GE was increased by 12.4%(P<0.05), 14.4%(P<0.01), 23.2%(P<0.01), 15.2%(P>0.05) and 27.4%(P<0.01), respectively;The retention of N, Ca and P was increased by 31.1%(P<0.01), 48.5%(P<0.01) and 31.9%(P<0.01), respectively;The serum triglyceride and free fatty acid content tended to decrease;but the apparent digestibility of the dietary nutrients were not significantly affected(P>0.05);The loss of ewe postpartum weight was reduced by 61.9%(P<0.01), a nest of lamb weight was increased by 4.2%(P>0.05).In the condition of feeding paraformaldehyde, the voluntary intake of dry matter was increased by 12.6%(P<0.01);The amount of digestion of DM, OM, CP, cellulose and GE was increased by 15.4%(P<0.01), 16.2%(P<0.01), 22.4%(P<0.01), 14.2%(P>0.05) and 29.0%(P<0.01), respectively;The retention of N, Ca and P was increased by 33.5%(P<0.01), 48.9%(P<0.01) and 36.3%(P<0.01), respectively;But the apparent digestibility of the dietary nutrients were no significantly affected(P>0.05);The serum β-hydroxybutrate and free fatty acid content tended to decrease;The loss of ewe postpartum weight was reduced by 57.1%(P<0.01), a nest of lamb weight was increased by 11.1%(P<0.05).This study showed that by feeding aerosol OT or paraformaldehyde, the intake, digestibility of Ca, P and N could be improved in late-pregnant ewe, the body weight loss, body fat mobilization could be reduced, and the birth weight of litter could be increased.     

Herbage intake and ruminal digestion of dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture either in the morning or evening

This study aimed to clarify diurnal fluctuations of herbage intake, ruminal fermentation of herbage carbohydrates and proteins, and digesta particulate weight in the rumen of grazing dairy cows. Six ruminally cannulated, non‐lactating dairy cows were grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture either in the morning (04.00 to 08.00 hours) or the evening (16.00 to 20.00 hours). Cows grazed in the evening spent more time (P < 0.01) and consumed more herbage (P < 0.01) compared with cows grazed in the morning. Higher (P < 0.05) daily mean concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, propionate and n‐butyrate in rumen fluid were observed for cows grazed in the evening compared with cows grazed in the morning. Although cows grazed in the evening ingested more crude protein compared with cows grazed in the morning, no significant difference in NH₃‐N concentration in rumen fluid was observed between them. The ratio of purine‐derivative concentration to creatinine concentrations was higher (P < 0.01) in the urine of cows grazed in the evening than in cows grazed in the morning. These results clearly indicated that evening grazing was advantageous for dairy cows compared with morning grazing, in terms of ruminal fermentable energy intake and nitrogen utilization efficiency.     

凝结芽孢杆菌对热应激肉鸡生长性能及肠道消化与吸收功能的影响

本试验旨在研究凝结芽孢杆菌对热应激肉鸡生长性能及肠道消化与吸收功能的影响。选择320只28日龄健康爱拔益加（AA）肉公鸡,随机分为5个组,每组8个重复,每个重复8只。常温对照组（TC组）肉鸡饲养于（22±1）℃的常温环境,饲喂基础饲粮;热应激组（HS组）肉鸡饲养于（34±1）℃的高温环境,饲喂基础饲粮;热应激试验组肉鸡饲养于（34±1）℃的高温环境,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.2×107(HS-BC0.2组)、1.0×107(HS-BC1.0组)、5.0×107CFU/g(HS-BC5.0组)凝结芽孢杆菌的试验饲粮。试验期14 d。结果表明：与TC组相比,HS组的末重、平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）,干物质和粗蛋白质表观代谢率,空肠食糜总淀粉酶和总蛋白酶酶活,空肠绒毛高度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度以及空肠钠/葡萄糖协同转运蛋白1(SGLT1)、基础氨基酸转运载体（r-BAT）、y+L氨基酸转运载体-1(y+LAT1) mRNA表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,料重比（F/G）显著增加（P<0.05）。与HS组相比,HS-BC1.0和HS-BC5.0组的ADG、粗蛋...     

Sintering of Magnetite Concentrates Without Carbon

With the goal of the sintering of magnetite concentrates without carbon,the effect of quality,inert atmosphere and Fe_3O_4 addition on microwave sintering of magnetite concentrates is studied.It is shown that: With the same basicity(CaO/SiO_2=2.5) and microwave heating condition(1000W,2.45GHz,20min),the centre temperature decreaseds with a increasing sample mass;There is no great difference between with and without inert atmosphere in microwave sintering of magnetite in a same microwave heating condition.When 100g sample(CaO/SiO_2=2.5) is heated by microwave irradiation(1000W,2.45GHz,20min),the more Fe_3O_4 is added,the less liquid phase is produced,which is bad for microwave sintering of magnetite concentrate.     

微波加热对米糠储藏性能和蛋白质溶解性的影响

研究了微波加热对于米糠5周储藏期间酸值和过氧化值及米糠蛋白溶解性的影响。结果表明，利用微波加热稳定米糠，可以有效降低酸值，防止水解酸败，同时也能降低过氧化值。