Spatial variability of surface peat properties and carbon emissions in a tropical peatland oil palm monoculture during a dry season

The expansion of oil palm monocultures into globally important Southeast Asian tropical peatlands has caused severe environmental damage. Despite much of the current focus of environmental impacts being directed at industrial scale plantations, over half of oil palm land-use cover in Southeast Asia is from smallholder plantations. We differentiated a first generation smallholder oil palm monoculture into 8 different sampling zones, and further divided the 8 sampling zones into oil palm root influenced (Proximal) and reduced root influence (Distal) areas, to assess how peat properties regulate in situ carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) fluxes. We found that all the physico-chemical properties and nutrient concentrations except sulphur varied significantly among sampling zones. All physico-chemical properties except electrical conductivity, and all nutrient content except nitrogen and potassium varied significantly between Proximal and Distal areas. Mean CO₂ fluxes (ranged between 382 and 1191 mg m⁻² h⁻¹) varied significantly among sampling zones, and between Proximal and Distal areas, with notably high emissions in Dead Wood and Path zones, and consistently higher emissions in Proximal areas compared to Distal areas within almost all the zones. CH₄ fluxes (ranged between −32 and 243 µg m⁻² h⁻¹) did not significantly vary between Proximal and Distal areas, however significantly varied amongst sampling zones. CH₄ flux was notably high in Canal Edge and Understorey Ferns zones, and negative in Dead Wood zone. The results demonstrate the high heterogeneity of peat properties within oil palm monoculture, strengthening the need for intensive sampling to characterize a land use in the tropical peatlands.     

Methanotrophy-driven accumulation of organic carbon in four paddy soils of Bangladesh

Biological methane oxidation is a crucial process in the global carbon cycle that reduces methane emissions from paddy fields and natural wetlands into the atmosphere.However,soil organic carbon accumulation associated with microbial methane oxidation is poorly understood.Therefore,to investigate methane-derived carbon incorporation into soil organic matter,paddy soils originated from different parent materials(Inceptisol,Entisol,and Alfisol) were collected after rice harvesting from four major rice-producing regions in Bangladesh.Following microcosm incubation with 5%(volume/volume)¹³ CH₄,soil¹³ C-atom abundances significantly increased from background level of 1.08% to 1.88%–2.78%,leading to a net methane-derived accumulation of soil organic carbon ranging from 120 to 307 mg kg^-1.Approximately 23.6%–60.0% of the methane consumed was converted to soil organic carbon during microbial methane oxidation.The phylogeny of¹³ C-labeled pmoA(enconding the alpha subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase) and 16 S rRNA genes further revealed that canonical α(type II) and γ(type I) Proteobacteria were active methane oxidizers.Members within the Methylobacter-and Methylosarcina-affiliated type Ia lineages dominated active methane-oxidizing communities that were responsible for the majority of methane-derived carbon accumulation in all three paddy soils,while Methylocystis-affiliated type IIa lineage was the key contributor in one paddy soil of Inceptisol origin.These results suggest that methanotroph-mediated synthesis of biomass plays an important role in soil organic matter accumulation.This study thus supports the concept that methanotrophs not only consume the greenhouse gas methane but also serve as a key biotic factor in maintaining soil fertility.     

稻田土壤还原性物质特征及与甲烷排放的关联性分析

以南方稻田土壤的定位试验为研究对象,选取其中的五种不同施肥(无肥、化肥、猪粪+化肥、鸡粪+化肥、稻草+化肥)处理,监测了水稻生长期间土壤活性还原性物质、活性有机还原性物质、亚铁(Fe2+)含量、土壤Eh值和甲烷(CH4)排放的动态变化,分析还原性物质与CH4排放的关系。结果表明,水稻生长前期稻田CH4排放通量、土壤活性还原性物质、活性有机还原性物质和Fe2+含量均较高,并随水稻生长呈逐渐下降的趋势;而土壤Eh在水稻整个生育期介于-238至118 mv之间,且为水稻生长前期低,后期高。施用有机肥后的土壤活性还原性物质和Fe2+含量比化肥处理平均分别增加了13%和11%,而土壤Eh值则低于无肥和化肥处理。相关分析表明,CH4排放通量与土壤中活性还原性物质、Fe2+均呈极显著正相关关系,而与土壤Eh呈极显著负相关关系。通过逐步回归分析进一步表明,土壤中Fe2+含量显著影响稻田CH4排放,控制稻田土壤中Fe2+含量有利于稻田CH4的减排。     

开沟起垄穴直播方式对水稻分蘖前期甲烷排放的影响

【目的】研究开沟起垄式水稻精量穴直播技术对甲烷气体排放的影响.【方法】选取同步深施肥精量穴直播(30 cm)、宽窄行(35 cm+15 cm)精量穴直播和25cm固定行距精量穴直播3种直播方式,以人工撒直播、机插秧、手抛秧和人工移栽为对照,利用静态箱法测定水稻分蘖前期甲烷的排放通量.【结果和结论】对2010和2011年2年采集的数据分析结果显示,与非精量直播对照组相比,精量穴直播可以降低田间54.55%甲烷气体排放(P=0.011);不同栽种方式的甲烷平均排放通量顺序为:深施肥精量穴直播[(1.48±0.44)mg·m-2·h-1]宽窄行精量穴直播[(1.65±0.30)mg·m-2·h-1]固定行距精量穴直播[(2.57±0.56)mg·m-2·h-1]人工撒直播[(2.89±0.61)mg·m-2·h-1]机插秧[(3.77±0.64)mg·m-2·h-1]人工移栽[(4.76±0.90)mg·m-2·h-1]手抛秧[(5.33±0.84)mg·m-2·h-1].研究结果表明开沟起垄穴直播技术可以有效降低水稻分蘖前期甲烷气体的排放.     

青藏高原高寒牧区冷季补饲藏系绵羊温室气体排放特征

为了揭示藏系绵羊温室气体排放特征,在青藏高原高寒牧区采用密封式呼吸箱-气相色谱结合的方法,于2013年冷季对3只身体健康、均重(50.13±1.28)kg的藏系绵羊温室气体(CH4、CO2、N2O)日排放特征进行了研究。试验期间,动物日粮的精料为蒸煮饲料,粗粮为青干草饼。结果表明,藏系绵羊的CH4排放日动态具有明显规律性,排放峰值在8:00和17:00(P0.01),排放峰值的出现时间与饲喂时间基本吻合,最小值出现在次日7:00;CO2的日排放曲线相对平稳;N2O的日变化没有明显规律且排放量极低。在冷季补饲模式下,藏系绵羊的CH4、CO2和N2O日排放量分别为(16.17±1.27)、(549.18±20.63)g·head-1和(0.73±0.32)mg·head-1。     

不同竹炭施用量对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

以来源于竹材废弃物的生物炭为试验材料,采集宁绍平原典型稻田土壤进行水稻盆栽试验,探究不同竹炭施用量条件下生物炭对稻田温室气体排放的影响。研究结果表明:与空白对照处理相比,来源于竹材废弃物的生物质经炭化后还田对稻田温室气体CH4和N2O排放有显著的抑制作用,且减排效果随着竹炭施用量的增加而增强,生物炭处理的水稻产量亦比空白和常规施肥处理有所提高。施用竹炭条件下,CH4和N2O季节累积排放量比对照处理分别降低了58.2%~91.7%和25.8%~83.8%;相对常规施肥处理而言,降低幅度分别高达64.3%~92.9%和72.3%~93.9%。这可能是由于竹炭所包含的有机碳高度芳香化而具有生物化学和热稳定性,同时竹炭有很大的比表面积和表面吸附能,竹炭的施用可能改善了水稻土理化特性并抑制相关微生物的活性,从而降低了稻田温室气体排放。     

Tree species affect atmospheric CH4 oxidation without altering community composition of soil methanotrophs

Plant species exert strong effects on ecosystem functions and one of the emerging, and difficult to test hypotheses, is that plants alter soil functions through changing the community structure of soil microorganisms. We tested the hypothesis for atmospheric CH₄ oxidation by using soil samples from a Siberian afforestation experiment and exposing them to ¹³C-CH₄. We determined the activity of the soil methanotrophs under different tree species at three levels of initial CH₄ concentration (30, 200 and 1000 ppm) thus distinguishing the activities of low- and high-affinity methanotrophs. Half of the samples were incubated with ¹³C-enriched CH₄ (99.9%) and half with ¹²C-CH₄. This allowed an estimation of the amount of ¹³C incorporated into individual PLFAs and determination of PLFAs of methanotrophs involved in CH₄ oxidation at the different CH₄ concentrations. Tree species strongly altered the activity of atmospheric CH₄ oxidation without appearing to change the composition of high-affinity methanotrophs as evidenced by PLFA ¹³C labeling. The low diversity of atmospheric CH₄ oxidizers, presumably belonging to the UCSα group, may explain the lack of tree species effects on the composition of soil methanotrophs. We submit that the observed tree species effects on atmospheric CH₄ oxidation indicate an effect on biomass or cell-specific activities rather than by a community change and this may be related to the impact of the tree species on soil N cycling.     

木质气冷却水与牛粪混合沼气发酵研究

木质气通过喷淋冷却塔,用循环喷淋方法,获取几种不同总酚含量的冷却水。35±1℃温度下,冷却水与牛粪汁1:1混合进行中温沼气发酵试验。试验结果表明:冷却水对发酵有抑制作用,经过一定的适应期,冷却水对产气率和气体成分均无明显影响。发酵废液直接作肥料对农作物无害。     

Broad-few-leaflets and outwardly curved wings: two new mutants of chickpea

This study was aimed at the induction of morphological mutations for increasing genetic variability and making available additional genetic markers for linkage studies in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). A wilt‐resistant, well‐adapted chickpea cultivar of central India,‘JG 315’(Jawahar gram 315), was used for the induction of mutations. Seeds presoaked in distilled water for 2 h were treated with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) using six different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6%) and two different durations (6 and 8 h). Several morphological mutants were identified in M₂. One of the mutants, isolated from a treatment of 0.3% EMS for 8 h, had five to nine large leaflets per leaf in comparison with 11‐17 normal‐sized leaflets per leaf observed in the parental cultivar ‘JG 315′. The mutant was designated broad‐few‐leaflets. Many leaves of this mutant showed a cluster of three to five overlapping leaflets at the terminal end. The other mutant, designated outwardly curved wings, was isolated from the 0.5% EMS treatment for 6 h. In this mutant, the wings were curved outwards, exposing the keel petal, while the wings in typical chickpea flowers are incurved and enclose the keel. The lines developed from the broad‐few‐leaflets and outwardly curved wings mutants were named JGM 4 (Jawahar gram mutant 4) and JGM 5, respectively. Inheritance studies indicated that each of these mutant traits is governed by a single recessive gene. The gene for broad‐few‐leaflets was designated bfl and the gene for outwardly curved wings was designated ocw. The locus bfl was found to be linked with the locus lg (light green foliage) with a map distance of 18.7 ± 6.3 cM.     

生物电化学系统还原二氧化碳产甲烷研究进展

生物电化学系统还原CO2合成燃料或有机化工产品近年来已成为环境微生物学的研究热点。首先就生物电化学系统的工作原理、生物电化学系统还原CO2产甲烷的阴极功能微生物、生物电化学系统还原CO2产甲烷的机制、生物电化学系统的反应器及影响生物电化学系统还原CO2产甲烷的因素等方面的研究进展进行了综述,然后分析了生物电化学系统还原CO2产甲烷存在的问题,并讨论了其今后的重点研究方向,以期为生物电化学系统还原CO2产甲烷研究提供参考。