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91.
在相同单机容量情况下,0.4kV的同步水轮发电机要比6.3kV的整机价格便宜30%左右;同时,控制、励磁和电气设备也要减少投资30%。所以单机容量等于和小于800kW的机组,应优先选用0.4kV的同步水轮发电机组。在单机容量和电压相同的情况下,异步发电机要比同步发电机价廉25%左右,发电成本低50%~60%,不存在并网误操作问题,电机效率还可以提高3%左右。 相似文献
92.
Poor functioning of theirrigation system in Pakistan has been asource of concern for the last few decades,during which time it has been the subject ofconsiderable external assistance andinternal policy reforms. Consequently, thegovernment of Pakistan introducedinstitutional restructuring in irrigationand drainage subsectors to impartnecessary improvements. Under thesereforms, management at secondary canallevel has recently been handed over to theFarmers Organizations (FOs) of selecteddistributaries in pilot areas. This studywas designed to evaluate a farmer-manageddistributary in southern Punjab. Fieldmeasurements revealed that hydraulicaspects of the irrigation service deliveredby the FO management has been significantlyimproved and as a result highlyproportionate and equitable waterdistribution was observed, particularly atthe tail reaches of the distributary. Dueto effective FO management farmers'interventions to increase the outletdischarge by illegal means has been almosteradicated. As a result of theseimprovements imparted by the FO in systemmanagement, the extent of irrigated area hasincreased on average by 6 to 7%, evenunder severe drought-like conditionsprevailing in the country during recentyears. Further cost recoveries haveincreased by an amount of 14% for summerand 23% for winter growing seasons,respectively, from the irrigated area of thedistributary. Thus experience from Hakra4-R distributary has shown that even underundesirable natural circumstancesIrrigation Management Transfer (IMT) wasquite effective in achieving the keytargets of the institutional reformslaunched at pilot scale in the country. 相似文献
93.
本文按照生产费用和耗能之和最小的原则,利用抛物线函数关系,对微灌系统干、支管的水力坡降进行了分析。分析结果表明:影响经济坡降的主要因素有流量、电价、系统的使用寿命、年运行时间、价格系数、以及机械效益等。最后并举例说明了该公式的应用。 相似文献
94.
分析了低比转速离心泵水力性能方面存在的问题,阐述了低比转速离心泵水力设计主要方法,如加大流量设计法、无过载设计法、面积比设计法、偏置短叶片设计法,并就其相互关系进行了比较,着重分析介绍了国内外带分流叶片低比转速离心泵的研究成果和研究现状,最后对带分流叶片离心泵研究趋势做出了展望。 相似文献
95.
Jan L. M. H. Gerards 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1992,6(3):223-247
The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD
Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works)
- EOM
Efficient Operation and Maintenance
- Gabungan
group of WUAs
- IPAIR
Indonesian abbreviation for ISF
- ISF
Irrigation Service Fee
- Juru
gate keeper
- PBB
land tax on irrigated lands
- PPL
agricultural field extension agent
- P3A
Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations
- PU
Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works
- SM
Special Maintenance
- WUA
Water Users Associations 相似文献
96.
97.
为解决玉米籽粒透射图像由于对比度较低造成内部组分提取不精确的问题,提出一种基于色彩通道非线性变换的多通道重叠区域分割方法,对玉米籽粒图像在灰度、R通道及b通道下得到的二值图像使用重叠区域原理,实现玉米籽粒组分的精确分割。首先,采集不同玉米品种的籽粒透射图像,提取单粒玉米籽粒;其次,采用多通道重叠区域法分割单粒籽粒图像,得到玉米籽粒胚部、角质胚乳和粉质胚乳3部分的图像;最后,以查全率和查准率评价多通道重叠区域法与传统图像分割方法对不同品种玉米籽粒的分割效果。不同品种玉米籽粒的分割试验表明:多通道重叠区域分割方法的查全率、查准率及综合评价指标均达到98%以上,分割效果优于传统的图像分割方法,能够实现不同品种透明角质玉米籽粒透射图像的精确组分分割。 相似文献
98.
厌氧氨氧化工艺在废水脱氮领域中的应用进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
厌氧氨氧化是一种全新的生物脱氮工艺。对于处理低碳氮比废水,与传统方法相比,它具有节省氧耗、无需外加有机碳源、污泥产量低等优点。近年来,随着基础研究的逐渐深入,各国学者开始将研究视角转向厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际应用。本文对该工艺在消化污泥上清液、垃圾渗滤液等实际废水脱氮研究中的进展进行了综述,并指出了目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。 相似文献
99.
100.
利用正交表优化设计自压式低压管灌系统 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在渠灌区,研究充分利用地形落差情况下自压式低压管灌树状管网的优化设计,对降低投资有重要意义。管网优化设计应将管网布置优化和管径优化结合进行设计。本文利用正交表及其优化分析原理,同时结合应用非线性数学规划法优化管径,不仅可得到所有管网布置组合中的最优方案,还可视实际需要得到若干次优方案。该优化设计法计算工作量较小,简单可靠且实用。 相似文献