基于投影寻踪的模糊综合评价模型研究及应用

依据建立的水资源可持续利用的分级标准在各等级取值范围内随机生成数据作为样本,采用投影寻踪的思想优化投影方向,得到客观权重,并与层次分析法得到的主观权重相结合,建立了基于投影寻踪的模糊综合评价模型,并将模型应用于海南省水资源可持续利用综合评价。结果表明,该模型计算简便,评价结果可信度较高。     

园林手工制图转化为电脑制图的探讨

通过对手工制图与电脑制图优缺点进行比较,并且对描图、制图两种基本方法的具体论述,详细阐述了将手工制图转化为电脑制图的途径和基本方法,旨在提高园林制图的准确性与制图速度。     

农产品质量追溯体系建设现状与问题及对策

目前中国农产品质量追溯体系建设的现状与存在的问题,已经成为政府和学术界关心的热门话题。通过对中国现有的农产品质量追溯体系的现状与问题进行分析,总结出中国农产品质量追溯体系建设的成果和不足,通过对发达国家农产品质量追溯体系的研究与分析,指出发挥政府和大型生产的作用,以及追溯体系从畜牧开始是发达国家农产品质量安全追溯体系建设的特点。在研究和分析的基础上,提出了完善中国农产品质量追溯体系的对策。     

规模化肉牛场数字化网络平台开发与应用

为满足集约化肉牛场数字化管理水平和提高繁育效率及遗传进展,基于肉牛从妊娠、产犊、哺乳、干奶到下一个繁殖周期的生产管理流程,将肉牛划分为犊牛、青年牛、育肥牛、成年牛等类型,在设计肉牛基本信息的数据标准规范基础上,采用.Net及SQL Server 2008网络数据库技术,构建了规模化肉牛场包括繁殖、产犊到饲养营养等数据管理及智能分析平台,实现了对肉牛繁殖与育肥生产最核心数据的网络远程数字化管理,主要包括胎间距、胎次结构、系谱跟踪及牛只资料卡等在线动态分析与数据的定向排序与输出,包括母牛发情配种、初检复检、产犊、犊牛断奶、转群、淘汰等各类生产事件的智能提醒,以及各种繁殖、育肥参数的可视化图形统计分析等。对生产过程基本数据的分析及与数据挖掘,提升了基础数据的利用价值,更有利于对规模化肉牛场管理者的科学决策。     

First isolation of hirame rhabdovirus from freshwater fish in Europe

A rhabdovirus was isolated in cell culture inoculated with tissue material from diseased grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), originating from a fish farm affected by a mortality episode in Poland. Diagnostics tests showed that the virus was not related to novirhabdoviruses known in Europe, nor to vesiculovirus‐like species, except perch rhabdovirus (PRhV) with which it shared moderate serological relations. However, RT‐PCR with PRhV probes gave negative results. To identify the virus, a random‐priming sequence‐independent single primer amplification was adopted. Surprisingly, two of the obtained sequences exhibited a high identity (>99%) with hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), a novirhabdovirus usually found in fish in marine Asiatic countries, for instance Japan, China and Korea. The full‐length sequence of the phosphoprotein gene (P) demonstrated a higher identity of the present isolate with HIRRV from China compared with the Korean isolate. An identical viral sequence was also found in brown trout, Salmo trutta trutta L., affected by mortalities in a second farm in the same region, after a likely contamination from the grayling farm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV in Europe, and in two hosts from fresh water that have not been described before as susceptible species.     

基于C、N同位素技术的河流食物网基础碳源研究进展

基础碳源是河流生态系统最重要的特征之一,它通过生物间能量传递,影响着河流生态系统生物多样性、群落结构及其稳定性。本文基于稳定性同位素技术综述了河流基础碳源类型、食物网能量贡献率估算模型、食物网基础碳源理论模型(河流生产力模型RPM、河流连续模型RCC和河流脉冲模型FPC)及其交互作用以及它们在实际应用上的利弊,介绍了能较好平衡各种模型利弊、适应于多样化水文特征的河流生态系统综合体(RES)新假说,并展望了稳定性同位素技术与非致命取样方法相结合建立长期河流同位素数据库的重要意义,旨在推动对河流生态系统中不同生物之间营养关系的理解,为河流生态系统的修复与保护提供理论依据。     

Response of climate-growth relationships and water use efficiency to thinning in a Pinus nigra afforestation

Thinning is the main forestry measure to increase tree growth by reducing stand tree density and competition for resources. A thinning experiment was established in 1993 on a 32-year-old Pinus nigra Arn. stand in central Spain. The response of growth, climate-growth relationships and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) to a stand density reduction were compared between moderate thinned plots and a control plot by a combined analysis of basal area increments (BAI), and C and O stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C_c and δ¹⁸O_c). BAI in the control plot showed a decreasing trend that was avoided by thinning in the thinned plot. Thinning also partially buffered tree-ring response to climate and trees were less sensitive to precipitation although more sensitive to temperature. Δ¹³C_c in the thinned plot was not modified indicating that stomatal conductance (g) and photosynthetic capacity (A) did not change or change in the same direction. However, δ¹⁸O_c decreased in the control plot (unrelated to δ¹⁸O of precipitation) but not in the thinned plot, suggesting a relative increase of temperature and irradiance and/or a decrease of air humidity after reducing the density consistent with an increase in A, g and BAI. As WUEi did not increase in the thinned plot, faster growth in this plot was caused by higher abundance of resources per tree. The trend of WUEi in both plots indicated low-moderate CO₂-induced improvements. Thinning might be a useful adaptation measure against climate change in these plantations reducing their vulnerability to droughts. However, because WUEi was not affected, the positive growth response might be limited if droughts and warming continue and certain thresholds are exceeded.     

基于稳定同位素的口虾蛄食性分析

为了探讨口虾蛄的食物组成,利用稳定同位素方法对2015年5月在汕尾红海湾海域采集的口虾蛄及其饵料生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值)进行分析,定量研究不同饵料生物在口虾蛄食物中的贡献比率。结果表明,口虾蛄的δ~(13)C值为–18.1‰~–16.3‰,δ~(15)N值为10.9‰~13.5‰,平均值分别为–17.1‰±0.5‰和12.7‰±0.7‰。δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值的变化范围均较大,表明口虾蛄的食物来源较多。口虾蛄的食物主要由鱼类、虾类、贝类、蟹类和桡足类组成。其中,贝类为口虾蛄的主要食物,平均贡献率为38.6%;其次为蟹类和桡足类,平均贡献率分别为22.9%和16.0%;虾类的平均贡献率为13.6%;鱼类的平均贡献率最低,仅为8.9%。根据δ~(15)N值及营养级的计算公式得出,口虾蛄的营养级为3.01±0.22,在其5类食物中,桡足类的营养级最低,仅为1.77±0.12;其次为贝类;蟹类和虾类的营养级分别为2.78±0.21和2.89±0.16;鱼类的最高,为2.98±0.15;它们的营养级均低于口虾蛄。此外相关分析显示,口虾蛄的δ~(15)N值与其个体体质量间存在极显著的正相关关系,说明不同大小的口虾蛄营养级有所差异。     

集肤效应电伴热输油管道的优化设计试验

介绍了输油管道集肤效应电伴热(SECT)系统的基本构成,即电源、电热装置、电气控制装置、绝缘装置及保温装置.为提高SECT法的伴热性能,搭建了长20 m的SECT输油管道试验台架,对SECT法的集肤效应性能、发热性能、漏电压进行系统测量,开展优化设计.结果表明:输油管道应用集肤效应电伴热技术,集肤效应明显,可极大地提高伴热效率;SECT加热管宜选用管径为1.91 cm的圆形SECT加热管,此时阻抗值较大且安装穿线方便;SCET加热管的漏电压极小,操作安全可靠.