Metal concentrations,growth, and yield of potato produced from In Vitro plantlets or microtubers and grown in municipal solid‐waste‐amended substrates

In vitro plantlets or microtubers (in vitro produced tubers) of ‘Spunta’ potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were planted in a 3 soil: 2 peat moss: 1 sand substrate (by volume) amended with municipal solid waste (MS W) compost at 0, 10, 20, or 30 g 4^‐1 L pot. Three months later, plant growth and tuber yield were evaluated and concentrations of shoot and tuber tin (Sn), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), and iron (Fe) were determined. Amending with MSW resulted in significant increases in concentrations of all tested metals in the substrate. Number of proliferated shoots of plants started from rooted plantlets was greatest at 10 g pot^‐1 MSW, whereas shoot weight of plants started from microtubers was greatest at 10 and 20 g pot^‐1 MSW. Tuber yield of plants started from rooted plantlets or microtubers was greatest at 10 or 30 g pot^‐1 MSW, respectively. In all instances, amending with MSW at 30 g pot^‐1 resulted in significant increases in concentrations of all tested metals in shoots and tubers. Concentrations of shoot Ni and tuber Zn and Fe for plants started from rooted plantlets and concentrations of shoot Fe and tuber As, Cu and Pb for plants started from microtubers increased consistently with increasing MSW percentage of the substrate. Plants started from rooted plantlets produced shoots with sufficient Zn, Mn, and Ni concentrations regardless of the substrate but with toxic Cu content at 30 g pot^‐1 MSW. Plants started from microtubers produced shoots with sufficient Mn and Ni concentrations regardless of the substrate but with low Zn and deficient Cu in unamended substrates. All plants had shoot Fe content higher than the sufficiency range. Although there were significant differences in concentrations of some nutrients among MSW treatments, no symptoms of nutrient toxicity or deficiency were observed. In all instances, tested elements did not accumulate in tubers to levels hazardous to human health. Concentrations of Cd, the most hazardous element, in potato tubers was not high enough to pose a threat to human. Our results indicate that there is a potential use of MSW in satisfying the needs of potato growth with negligible increases in heavy metal concentrations in tubers.     

Using the long‐term experiments at rothamsted to address current agricultural and environmental issues

In the Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted winter wheat has been grown in monoculture since 1843; wheat in rotation and additional treatments have been introduced during the course of the experiment. Since 1968, when new crop varieties and fungicides were introduced, yields have averaged over 6 t ha^‐1with either inorganic fertilizers or farmyard manure. With high‐yielding varieties of winter wheat on Boardbalk, or spring barley on the Hoosfield experiment, maximum yields are currently achieved with a combination of inorganic and organic inputs. The long‐term experiments have provided much information on the losses of nitrate and phosphate to water from different treatments and also on the impact of recent decreases of sulphur deposition on soil S dynamics and crop composition. Archived samples of soils and crops from the Park Grass Experiment (continuous cut pasture) and experiments in which arable land has reverted to forest have provided information on soil acidification. This has resulted mainly from acid deposition, previously SO₂ but now dominated by oxides of nitrogen. Acidification has caused the mobilization of toxic metals including Al, Mn and Zn and their increased uptake in herbage. Archived samples have also made it possible to study the deposition and accumulation of metals and organic pollutants in soils and crops and the changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen content resulting from different management practices. Such data has been used to construct models of soil C and N dynamics. The on‐going sites provide experimental material for biological studies including fertilizer and management impacts on nitrous oxide fluxes and for testing hypotheses on soil biodiversity and quality.     

Effect of nitrogen form and application method on incidence and severity ofPhytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees

The effect of ammonium nitrate broadcast as a soil or through irrigation, urea applied as a foliar spray, and monoammonium phosphate applied as a planting hole treatment on the incidence ofPhytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees was determined under orchard conditions in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Results from the eight year study showed that ammonium nitrate applied as a single dose in spring at 240 g tree^–1 year^–1, as a split dose at 120 g tree^–1 each in spring and early autumn, and in irrigation water (fertigation) at 7.5 g tree^–1 wk^–1 for 10 wk year^–1 significantly increasedPhytophthora crown and root rot of Macspur on MM106 rootstock. There was no significant difference inP. cactorum infection between the unfertilized control and treatments with urea applied as a foliar spray at 1.0 kg 100 l^–1 of water in spring and early autumn, and monoammonium phosphate applied as a planting hole treatment at 1 g l^–1 of soil at planting time.     

磷酸脒基脲与聚磷酸铵协同阻燃的木粉/HDPE复合材料

采用锥形量热仪(CONE)、极限氧指数(LOI)、热重分析(TGA)和力学试验等研究手段,分析聚磷酸铵(APP)、磷酸脒基脲(GUP)及二者复配(GUP/APP)对木粉/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料燃烧性能、热降解行为以及力学性能的影响.CONE研究结果表明:APP可显著降低WF/HDPE复合材料的热释放,但同时也使得复合材料的烟释放增加;将GUP与APP按适当比例复配不仅可以有效抑制复合材料的热释放,而且可以降低烟释放速率,表现出较好的协同阻燃和抑烟作用.TGA结果表明:GUP与APP复配使得WF/HDPE复合材料的初始热分解温度降低,残炭产率提高.此外,GUP和APP复配阻燃WF/HDPE复合材料具有较高的氧指数和较小的力学性能损失.     

缺磷条件下蔗糖对水稻磷素吸收利用起重要作用

 研究了水稻缺磷条件下蔗糖对其生长、磷素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,外加蔗糖可以提高水稻缺磷条件下的生物量,可以促进水稻缺磷条件下的磷素吸收;利用磷转运蛋白基因OsPT2启动子+ GUS报告基因转基因水稻材料,进一步探讨了蔗糖在水稻缺磷条件下促进磷素吸收利用的分子机理。结果表明,水稻磷转运蛋白OsPT2参与了蔗糖促进缺磷水稻的磷素吸收与转运。     

不同磷源对育成母牛日粮磷表观消化率的影响

本文旨在采用消化试验研究育成母牛日粮中不同磷源(植物磷源或补充部分矿物磷源)对日粮总磷表观消化率的影响.试验选用体况良好、体重一致的15月龄荷斯坦育成母牛12头,随机分为3组,即试验1组、2组和3组,每组4头,分别定量(3.50kg/d)饲喂3种不同精料日粮,粗料(青贮)自由采食,以磷酸氢钙替代部分植物磷源,日粮总磷为0.57％～0.60％;试验期为30d,预试期20d后进入正试期,试验最后7d全收集粪样和尿样;结果表明不同磷源处理间日粮的总磷消化道表观消化量和表观消化率没有显著差异(P＞0.05),总磷的表观消化率为38.2％.     

纳米磷酸三钙/明胶/鹿茸多肽复合材料的制备及对人成骨细胞增殖、分化及矿化的影响

探讨反相微乳液法制备的β-纳米磷酸三钙/明胶/鹿茸多肽复合材料(简称纳米复合材料)对人成骨细胞功能的影响.利用反相微乳液法制备纳米复合材料,扫描电镜观察其形态,EDX与SELDI-TOF-MS分析对复合材料进行表征.采用MTT比色法、茜素红染色法检测纳米复合材料对体外培养的人成骨细胞hFOB1.19的增殖、矿化结节形成的影响;采用全自动生化分析仪检测hFOB细胞碱性磷酸酶活性(ALP).结果表明该纳米复合材料可促进人成骨细胞增殖,提高ALP活性并增加矿化结节形成的数量,可促进人成骨细胞的增殖、分化成熟及矿化.     

巴西橡胶树蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因的克隆和表达分析

分析橡胶树EST数据库,得到一个注释为SPS(蔗糖磷酸合成酶)的EST序列重叠群(contig).通过PCR扩增和测序技术获得该基因的全长cDNA和基因组序列,命名为HbSPS1.序列分析显示,HbSPS1基因长度为5 298 bp,包含13个外显子和12个内含子.对应的cDNA编码序列(CDS)为3 156 bp,推测编码1 050个氨基酸,分子量大小为118.1 ku,等电点为6.05.采用荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因的表达模式,结果表明,HbSPS1基因主要在胶乳中表达,在乙烯利和机械伤害处理的胶乳中呈下调表达,在割胶影响下略有上调表达趋势,同时该基因在叶片发育过程中呈上调表达.说明HbSPS1基因可能参与胶乳蔗糖代谢和叶片发育调控.     

春兰根内生解有机磷细菌的筛选

[目的]为了获得具有解有机磷功能的春兰内生细菌。[方法]采用溶磷圈法、钼锑抗比色法对具有解有机磷能力的春兰内生细菌进行了初筛和复筛,并通过细菌16S rDNA序列测定,对获得的功能菌株进行系统发育分析。[结果]筛选出13株可解有机磷的春兰根内生细菌,其中10株属于芽孢杆菌属,此属为可解有机磷的春兰根内生细菌的优势菌属。2株属于变形菌门β变形菌纲的伯克氏菌属;1株属于拟杆菌门的Chitinophaga,首次报道该属细菌具有解有机磷能力。筛选得到的菌株N85、N65具有较高的解有机磷活性。[结论]春兰根内存在解有机磷细菌。该研究结果为进一步开发和应用解磷植物促生细菌提供了菌种资源。     

低磷饲料中补充柠檬酸对大口黑鲈生长和营养物质利用率的影响

为了探究饲料中添加柠檬酸对大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）生长、营养物质利用和氮（N）、磷（P）排放的影响,分别配制磷酸二氢钙（MCP）添加量为5、10（低磷饲料）、15 g/kg （对照饲料）的3组饲料（P5,P10,P15）,在低磷饲料P5和P10中分别添加10 g/kg的柠檬酸,共5组实验饲料。投喂初始体质量为（16.0±0.16） g的大口黑鲈60 d。结果显示,随着MCP添加量的增加,大口黑鲈增重率、全鱼磷含量、粗蛋白沉积率、磷消化率、椎骨磷和血浆磷含量均显著增加（P<0.05）,N排放量和全鱼粗脂肪含量显著下降（P<0.05）,且均在P15组达到最佳水平。在P5饲料中添加柠檬酸,显著提高了鱼体增重率（+5.6%）和血浆磷含量,降低了饲料系数（-0.05）和N排放量（P<0.05）,达到了和P10组基本一致的水平（P>0.05）;在P10饲料中添加柠檬酸,在数值上改善了生长性能（P>0.05）,达到了和P15组基本一致的水平（P>0.05）。此外,在P5和P10饲料中补充柠檬酸,均显著提高了磷消化率,降低了P排放量（P<0.05）。综上所述,在低磷饲料中添加10 g/kg的柠檬酸可改善大口黑鲈生长、提高饲料和磷的利用率。