基于近红外高光谱图像分析的麦粒硬度分类研究

为对小麦硬度进行自动检测,采集不同硬度小麦品种的近红外高光谱图像,将光谱数据经过求导处理后,提取950~1 645 nm有效光谱区间数据,然后经过多元散射校正,建立偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)模型。采用120粒小麦对模型进行训练,剩余的90粒进行检验,总体上模型分类准确率为99.63%。表明,采用近红外高光谱成像技术对单籽粒小麦硬度进行分类是可行的。     

Textural properties of raw Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets measured by different methods in comparison to expressible moisture

Textural properties of fresh Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) fillets were measured on seven locations along the fillet by four different instrumental methods, and were correlated to expressible moisture. Two methods were based on puncturing, either by using a flat ended cylinder, measuring hardness at different distances into the fillet and the first fracture (yield point) of the muscle fibres, or by a non-destructive method using a spherical probe to measure the hardness of the fillet. The other two methods were based on Kramer shear-compression cell or Warner-Bratzler shear cell, by shearing the fillet with blades, measuring the shear force (toughness). The ability to separate textural properties in different muscle segments by using these four methods were compared. The expressible moisture, was determined by using the filter paper method by compression. Hardness and shear force of the fillets generally increased from the anterior to the posterior part of the fillet while the necessary force applied to map the yield point decreased towards the tail section. The results from the present study indicated that the puncture method with the spherical probe and the shearing device by Warner-Bratzler were better suited for measuring differences in the textural properties between different parts of raw salmon fillet, than the flat ended cylinder and Kramer shear compression cell. The expressible moisture, varying between 1.8 and 2.7%, showed a significant ( P  < 0.05) linear correlation with the spherical probe texture measurements ( r =0.83) and the Kramer shear compression cell ( r =0.77).     

Effect of water hardness on egg hatchability and larval viability of Clarias gariepinus

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of water hardness onClarias gariepinus egg hatchability and larval viability.The fertilized eggs were incubated at 28 °C and with waterhardnesses ranging from 10–700 mg/l CaCO₃. Themean hatching rate fluctuated between 42.31% at hardness of 10mg/land 64.66% at 2000 mg/l. Abnormalities in the larvae were observedbeyond 200 mg/l and increased with increase in water hardness. Thehighest larval survival of 71.05% was recorded at 60 mg/l waterhardness. Based on statistics performed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) andfurther compared with Duncan's multiple range test (p = 0.05), the resultsimplythat very soft water (0–10 mg/l) and very hard water (300mg/l and above) are not suitable for Clariasegg incubation and larval rearing. A water hardness of 30–60mg/l CaCO₃ is recommended for optimal normal hatching,high viability and maximum larval development of Clariasgariepinus.     

华山新麦草籽粒硬度吲哚蛋白基因的分离与序列分析

采用AS-PCR技术,从华山新麦草基因组DNA中分离获得了其籽粒硬度吲哚蛋白Pina(HM 448475)和Pin b(HM448476)的基因序列.DNA序列分析显示,这2条序列相似性仅为69.25％,它们与小麦、山羊草、黑麦、燕麦和大麦亲缘种属植物等的Pin a和Pin b基因序列具有93％以上的一致性;推导的氨基酸序列分析显示,序列HM 448475(Pin a)和HM 448476(Pin b)都具有籽粒硬度吲哚蛋白基因的19个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,与脂类易于结合的色氨酸结构域WRWWKWWK( Pin a)或WPTKWWK( Pin b),以及位置固定的10个半胱氨酸残基等典型结构特征,同时,这2条序列与小麦、山羊草等亲缘植物的Pin a和Pin b基因氨基酸相比,分别有15个和8个主要位点的差异;系统进化树分析显示,序列( HM 448475)可能为Pin a基因家族中的一个新类型,而序列(HM 448476)与智利大麦的Hordoindoline b基因具有相对较近的亲缘关系.研究表明,华山新麦草含有与麦类作物差异较大的控制籽粒硬度的等位基因.该研究对保护利用华山新麦草、丰富小麦籽粒硬度基因资源具有一定的理论意义和应用价值.     

春季裸露沙质农田土壤风蚀量动态与变异特征

以春季风蚀活动高发期为特定研究时段 ,采用地面埋设容器的“陷阱诱捕”法 ,对秋收后翻耕的裸露沙质农田春播前的土壤风蚀量动态进行了定位观测 ,同时对影响土壤风蚀的关键因子表土层紧实度和含水量以及风速动态也进行了同步观测。主要研究结果是 :(1)观测期内 ,平均土壤日风蚀量为 2 4 1.2 0 kg/ hm2 ,土壤日有机碳和氮素损失量平均分别为 1.5 2 ,0 .15 kg/ hm2 。 (2 )土壤风蚀过程以细微土粒的跃移和悬移运动为主 ,损失掉的主要是表层土壤中的细砂 (粒径 0 .1～ 0 .0 5 mm)、粉粒 (粒径 0 .0 5～ 0 .0 0 2 mm)和粘粒 (粒径 <0 .0 0 2 mm)等富含营养元素的细微颗粒 ,分别占风蚀沉积物的 4 6 .0 1% ,2 1.0 3%和 2 1.74 %。这表明土壤风蚀导致了农田的粗化。 (3)相关分析表明 ,土壤风蚀量与表土层含水量呈一定的负相关 ;土壤风蚀量与表土层紧实度呈微弱的负相关。然而 ,土壤日风蚀沉积量与日平均风速呈高度正相关 ;同样 ,土壤日风蚀沉积量与日可蚀风持续时数亦呈高度正相关。利用它们之间的回归关系式 ,可以定量地预测、预报研究区春季风蚀期裸露农田的土壤风蚀量     

Biscuit-making quality of backcross derivatives of wheat differing in kernel hardness

Kernel texture in wheat has been found to be directly controlled by one or two major genes. Generally, good biscuit-making wheats are those with soft endosperm texture, lower protein content, more breakflour and a smaller particle size. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the dominant soft endosperm genes on biscuit-making quality. Backcross derivatives were developed with a backcrossing procedure. The backcross derivatives and parents were planted in a randomised block design with six replications. Fourteen quality characteristics were measured. Except for hectolitremass and mixing time, the presence of the soft endosperm genes had a major effect on all characteristics used to predict biscuit-making quality. In the soft backcross derivatives there was a significant decrease in alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC), alveograph stability, alveograph strength, alveograph P/L ratio, flour extraction, and protein content. There was a significant increase in alveograph extensibility, biscuit diameter and breakflour yield. In this study, the presence of the soft endosperm genes was associated with good biscuit-making quality characteristics. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

兰州市农村生活用水的水化学特征分析

结合国家饮用水卫生标准(GB5749—2006), 对兰州市不同类型农村生活用水(水窖水、井水、泉水、河水、水库水及自来水等)的主要阴阳离子、矿化度、总硬度、pH、电导率等指标进行了测定和分析。结果表明: 各类水体矿化度为0.14~2.72 g·L^-1, 平均矿化度为0.76±0.63 g·L^-1, 不同水体存在显著差异性, 其大小顺序为: 井水>泉水>水库水>自来水>河水>水窖水; 各类水体平均总硬度为397.06±307.13 mg·L^-1, 除水库水外, 其余水体均有不同程度超标现象, 其大小顺序为: 井水>河水>自来水>泉水>水窖水>水库水; 除钾离子外,其余阴阳离子在不同类型水体中的含量均存在显著差异性, 井水中各离子含量高于其他类型水体; 水体硝态氮、硫酸盐及氯化物含量在部分井水水样中有超标现象, 但平均含量均低于国家标准限额; 各类水体pH 与电导率在0.05 水平上存在显著差异性; 水窖水、河流水及自来水水体的水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca-Mg 型为主, 井水以HCO₃-Cl-Ca-Mg 型为主, 泉水以HCO₃-Cl-Ca 型为主, 水库水以HCO₃-Cl-SO₄-Ca-Na 型为主。     

种植果树对土壤物理性状的双重效应

在渭北果区选择不同园龄(<10 年、10~20 年、>20 年)果园, 分层测定0~60 cm 土层土壤容重、土壤坚实度、土壤含水量以及表层土壤团聚体组成等物理性状, 进一步分析了果园土壤物理性状随园龄的变化特征。结果表明: 土壤容重在0~30 cm 土层随园龄增长而降低; 在30 cm 以下土层随园龄增长而增加, 超过了健康园艺土壤的质量标准1.30 g·cm^-3; 与休闲农田相比, 种植果树可降低10~30 cm 土层土壤容重; 但30 cm 以下土层土壤坚实度急剧增大, 接近或达到了限制根系延伸的土壤质量标准1 000 kPa; 与休闲农田相比, 种植果树对于降低17.5~27.5 cm 土层的坚实度具有明显作用。果园表层土壤团聚体状况整体较差, 水稳性优势团聚体直径为0.5~0.25 mm, >0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量随园龄增加而增大, >20 年果园比<10 年果园高1 倍。种植果树对表层土壤具有明显的保护和改善作用, 却在深层发生着紧实化和坚硬化过程。果树对土壤物理状况的双重效应体现在对0~30 cm 土层土壤结构具有改善作用, 对30 cm 以下土层土壤结构有破坏作用。果园土壤“深层的隐蔽性退化过程”影响着果树根系健康生长, 应当给予极大关注。     

打结嘴的材质及疲劳寿命分析

打结器是方草捆捡拾压捆机上的关键部件,为了分析捆绳打结嘴的材质及性能,对捆绳打结嘴进行了金相组织分析,并进行了硬度试验和拉力试验.为了验证材料具体成分含量,又进行了光谱分析.通过试验发现:打结嘴的材料成分为15cr,外表面的硬度为HRC46,芯部硬度为HRC25,热处理工艺采用了调质处理和表面镀铬.为了预测打结嘴的疲劳寿命,采用局部应力应变法对打结嘴进行了分析运算.     

磁化水对红星苹果贮藏品质影响的研究

用磁化水处理红星苹果，能明显地保持红星苹果果实在贮藏期的硬度和可溶性固形物的含量，对呼吸强度有明显的抑制作用，从而提高红星苹果贮藏品质，延长果实寿命。