Einfluss selektiver mechanischer Fruchtbehangsregulierung auf Ethylensynthese als Stressindikator sowie Ertrag und Fruchtqualität bei Kernobst

The overall objective of this work was to improve fruit quality, break alternate bearing and reduce hand thinning using fewer chemicals in fruit crops. A device was constructed for mechanical thinning, which consisted of three independent horizontal rotors with ropes and freely adjustable angles on a frame, mounted on a front three point hitch and powered by the tractor hydraulics. This can be adapted to any fruit tree trained as spindle, Solaxe, (tall) vertical axis or fruit wall (le mur fruitier) irrespective of rootstock employed. Rotor speed varied from 300 to 460?rpm at either 5 or 7.5?km/h tractor speed. Eight-year-old or twelve-old apple trees cvs. ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were mechanically thinned in 2007 between pink bud and full bloom (flower bud stages 6–8 or F1–F2) near Bonn, Germany; non-thinned and hand-thinned apple trees of the same block and variety served as control. Mechanically thinned flowering branches showed a similar amount of ethylene efflux (0.4–0.6?ppm C₂H₄/branch) as non-thinned flower branches, preventing potentially unexpected subsequent fruit drop, except for those removed by the rotors. The impact of the horizontal rotors on the branches was from the upper side and removed excessive flowers right to the tree trunk viz. the centre of the tree canopy, where fruits of lesser quality are expected leaving 2–3 flowers per cluster. Leaf damage was less than??10%, even at the fast rotor speed of 420?rpm, which was associated with negligible wood injury. Mechanical thinning induced firmer and sweeter fruit, i.e. tastier apples with longer shelf life, relative to control fruit from non-thinned apple trees. The greatest efficacy in terms of final fruit quality in the grading/sorting was achieved by a rotor speed of 360?rpm at a tractor speed of 5?km/h: Fruit mass increased by up to 20?g and the proportion of fruit larger than 70–75?mm by 10–30% compared with the fruit from non-thinned trees. Mechanical thinning with this newly constructed device led to a 10–20% reduction in yield, but increased returns due to better fruit size and colouration in apple with the potential to overcome alternate bearing.     

Graph theory in action: evaluating planned highway tracks based on connectivity measures

Maintaining connectivity among local populations in a fragmented landscape is crucial for the survival of many species. For isolated habitat patches, stochastic fluctuations and reduced gene flow can lead to high risk of extinction. The connectivity of the landscape is especially crucial for the carabid species living in the fragmented forests of the Bereg plain (NE Hungary and W Ukraine) because a highway will be constructed through the plain. Our purpose is to (1) evaluate the impacts of three possible highway tracks, (2) suggest a solution that is realistic with less impact on connectivity than other plans and (3) discuss how to decrease the disadvantageous effects of each track. Our results, based on a network analysis of landscape graph of patches and ecological corridors, indicate that the intended highway could have deleterious consequences on forest-living carabids. Relatively simple actions, like the establishment of stepping stones, could compensate for the loss of habitat connectivity and promote the survival of carabids, or minor modifications in one possible track could diminish its adverse effects. While many other studies would be needed for a comprehensive assessment of the biotic impact of the highway, we provide an example on the usefulness of network analysis for land use management. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The Weighted Ideal Point Method and Its Application in Forest Harvest Regulation

本文通过对理想点法进行分析，认为该法取不同的ｐ值代表决策者对不同目标的偏爱程度；但ｐ值过大模型求解比较困难，故实际应用时ｐ值取较大的值并不现实．为进一步突出决策人对不同目标的偏爱程度，作者对理想点法进行改进，引进了各目标的权重，提出了加权理想点法．与前者比较，它进一步突出了不同目标对决策结果的影响，使决策结果更符合决策者的愿望，便于在生产中实施．通过用该法对山西省千秋沟林场某经营类型进行收获调整，表明用该法进行森林收获调整，到调整期末龄级结构基本达到完全调整林状态，且可将决策者对不同目标的要求落实到合理水平上．     

The role of land tenure in conservation of tree and shrub species diversity in miombo woodlands of southern Malawi

Biodiversity is declining throughout southern African miombo woodlands due to poor land use practices that are detrimental to soil, vegetation and habitat. We aimed at examining tree and shrub species diversity and distribution in Uapaca kirkiana-dominated woodlands under three land tenure types; forest reserves, customary and leasehold land. The study was conducted at different forest sites within similar agroecological zone in southern Malawi. Study sites were located at a range of altitudes between 900 and 1,200 m a.s.l. Three circular plots each with 32.60 m radius were established at each study site to sample tree and shrub species composition, structure and distribution under three land tenure types. We found that forest reserves had higher species diversity with an average of 16 tree families, 27 genera and 34 species as compared to only 10 tree families, 6 genera and 6 species on customary forest lands. Comparisons of diameter at breast height size class distributions showed that customary land had significantly low numbers of small (5.0–10.0 cm) and very large (≥30 cm) diameter classes suggesting lower levels of regeneration and high rate of anthropogenic activities. The high species diversity and richness in forest reserves and leasehold land indicate high potential for protected lands to restore tree species diversity. It is concluded that levels of human activities as influenced by land tenure type reduce tree species diversity, composition and distribution at the different sites, and this confirms the hypothesis that open access lands are not compatible with conservation of tree and shrub species diversity because of high anthropogenic activities.     

Maintenance and Enhancement of Sustainable Forest Development on Regional Levels

Zusammenfassung:   Der verbesserte Katalog der gesamteuropäischen Kriterien und Indikatoren einer nachhaltigen Forstwirtschaft ist geeignet, Zustände und Entwicklungen auf verschiedenen Skalenniveaus zu beurteilen. Er repräsentiert die Vielfalt der möglichen Sachziele einer multifunktionalen Forstwirtschaft, die sich in einem hierarchischen Zielsystem strukturieren lassen. Vergleiche zwischen den aktuellen Zuständen und den angestrebten Zielen liefern wichtige Informationen für die überbetriebliche Steuerung. Zur Erreichung der angestrebten Ziele bieten sich meist mehrere Handlungsalternativen an. Diese lassen sich mit Hilfe von Waldwachstumsmodellen auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen und zeitlichen Skalenniveaus überprüfen. Insbesondere Einzelbaummodelle sind geeignet, strategische Entscheidungen für oder gegen bestimmte Bewirtschaftungskonzepte multikriteriell zu unterstützen. Die Verschneidung von Sachdaten mit Lagedaten in einem geographischen Informationssystem erleichtert es, Kompromisse zwischen den Forderungen verschiedener Waldnutzer auf überbetrieblichen Ebenen zu finden.     

Bedeutung eines jahreszeitlich unterschiedlichen Einschlagszeitpunktes für das Trocknungsverhalten des Schnittholzes von Fichten (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Zusammenfassung:   Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat zum Ziel, die Auswirkungen eines jahreszeitlich unterschiedlichen Einschlagszeitpunktes von Fichten (Winter- und Sommereinschlag) auf die Dimensionsstabilität des daraus erzeugten Schnittholzes zu erfassen und zu quantifizieren. Hierzu wurden jeweils 12 Fichten aus Winter- und Sommereinschlag unmittelbar nach der Aufarbeitung im Bestand zu Bauschnittholz in praxisüblichen Dimensionen verarbeitet. Die Erfassung der trocknungsbedingten Verwerfungen des Schnittholzes erfolgte mittels Vermessung der Kantholzform vor und nach einer technischen Kammertrocknung (Zielfeuchte u = 15 ± 3%). Dabei zeigte sich, dass der saisonal unterschiedliche Zeitpunkt der Fällung der Bäume keinen statistisch abgesicherten Einfluss auf die durchschnittlichen Verwerfungen bzw. die Dimensionsstabilität der daraus erzeugten Kanthölzer hatte.     

Effects of a severe typhoon on forest dynamics in a warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan

The effects of a typhoon on forest dynamics and the response of major tree species were studied in a warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan. The strongest typhoon on record (T9313) passed through this region in 1993. Return periods of typhoons over 30 ms⁻¹ in instantaneous wind velocity and T9313 were estimated to be 2.2 and 104.5 years, respectively. Approximately 10% of all stems suffered some damage from T9313 and annual stem mortality rose from 1.3 to 2.7%. The estimated period that the number of stems would fall below 10% of the initial was four years shorter with T9313-class typhoons than without them. Thus, the disturbance by T9313 was not catastrophic at the site although T9313 was an episodic typhoon. The short-term responses of major tree species to T9313 were classified into four types: 1) blunt-response type with little decrease and recruitment of stems in the DBH ≥ 5 cm class (Distylium racemosum), 2) retreat type with larger decrease than recruitment (e.g. Quercus acuta), 3) sharp-response type with a large decrease and much recruitment (e.g. Cinnamomum japonicum), and 4) advance type with less decrease than recruitment (Eurya japonica). Among the four regeneration types classified by previous studies (climax, light-demanding, subcanopy, and few-sapling), the climax and few-sapling types each showed a specific short-term response, the blunt-response and retreat types, respectively, that explains one aspect of the regeneration strategies of each type. On the other hand, the light-demanding or sub-canopy type showed multiple short-term responses, indicating that each regeneration type contains species with various regeneration strategies. In this paper, I analyzed data from the database that was compiled by the Aya Research Team.     

贵州亚热带地区的野生香花类观赏植物资源

贵州亚热带地区有野生香花类观赏植物23科39属（1亚属）70种（含新分布种和变种）。分布垂直带谱为海拔160－1000m。花色分为白色、黄色、紫色、黄绿色和红色5类。生境类型分为森林湿地型、疏林灌丛型、山坡草地型和附生型，以森林湿地型和疏林灌丛型的种类居多。银钟花、大叶木莲、尖叶木、云川醉鱼草、紫萼、香槐、两粤黄檀、单性木兰、苍白秤钩风和扭肚藤处于濒危状态。     

Strategic Planning of Sustainable Development on the Estate Level – Contributions from Forest Growth and Yield Science

Zusammenfassung:   Die Nachhaltigkeit richtete sich in der Gründerzeit der planmäßigen Forstwirtschaft auf die Holzproduktion (v. Carlowitz 1713, Cotta 1828, Hartig 1804, Hundeshagen 1826). In der Folgezeit wurde ein zunehmend breiteres Spektrum von Leistungen des Waldes in die Planung mit einbezogen (v. Hagen, 1867; Dieterich, 1957). Das heutige Verständnis von multifunktionaler Forstwirtschaft spiegelt sich in den sechs gesamteuropäischen Kriterien und Indikatoren für nachhaltige Forstwirtschaft wider (McPfe, 2000). Vorliegender Aufsatz umreißt, wie diese gesamteuropäischen Kriterien und Indikatoren für den Nachweis und die strategische Planung von Nachhaltigkeit auf Forstbetriebsebene eingesetzt werden können und was die Waldwachstumsforschung dazu beitragen kann. An einer Reihe von Beispielen wird ausgeführt, dass die Forstwirtschaft über eine solide Datenbasis für die Ableitung von Nachhaltigkeitskriterien und Indikatoren verfügt. Diese kann für das Monitoring der Waldentwicklung genutzt werden. Gestalterische Kraft entwickeln die Kriterien und Indikatoren aber erst, wenn sie auch in die strategische Planung einfließen. Für die strategische Planung stehen der Forstwirtschaft Wuchsmodelle, Betriebssimulatoren und Entscheidungsstützungssysteme zur Verfügung. Sofern diese die genannten Kriterien und Indikatoren berücksichtigen, ermöglichen sie Szenariorechungen auf Betriebsebene und eine umfassende Bewertung von Handlungsalternativen. Konzepte und Werkzeuge für den Übergang zu einer multifunktionalen strategischen Nachhaltsplanung sind weit entwickelt (v. Gadow 2003, Hanewinkel 2001, Pretzsch et al. 1998, Spellmann et al. 2001); ihre Einführung in die Forstplanung könnte einen beträchtlichen Innovationsstau beseitigen.     

A comparison of two stand table projection methods for young Eucalyptus nitens (Maiden) plantations in Chile

The study compares two methods of stand table projection based on data from young Eucalyptus nitens (Maiden) plantations in Chile. The projected diameter distributions were estimated using the methods proposed by Nepal and Somers (1992) [For. Sci. 38 (1992) 120] and Cao and Baldwin (1999) [For. Sci. 45 (1999) 506]. The evaluation compared the observed and estimated diameter distributions for different projection intervals, using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and an error index called ‘relative discrepancy’. The evaluation showed that both methods are suitable for application in the Eucalypt plantations. However, the method proposed by Nepal and Somers proved to be more accurate, especially when the projection period extends over 4 years or more. Expected error and bias for the observed and estimated total and merchantable volumes at stand level were also evaluated. The observed error and bias were relatively low for both methods; however, some differences were detected when the volume distributions were analyzed at diameter class level.