印楝提取物防治桑天牛的林间试验

以桑天牛成虫Apriona germari Hope喜食的构树为引诱树6株，选取一块与周围树林相对孤立的杨树林为试验地，试验地面积约为0．13hm^2，设引诱树6株，胸径8～10cm。每年1次将2g含30％印楝素的印楝种核提取物配成制剂，注入构树中，进行防治桑天牛林间试验。结果表明：注药前，对照虫株率(57．50％)与处理虫株率(56．41％)之间差异不显著。注药1a后处理林的虫株率下降至38．46％，对照林的虫株率增加到70．00％；2a后，处理林的虫株率下降到23．08％，对照林的虫株率达82．50％。讨论了应用天然化合物防治林木害虫的优点和前景。     

Effect of different levels of dietary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract (SOPE) on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens. Three hundred 1‐day broilers (Ross‐308) were randomly allocated to treatments varying in supplemental SOPE added in the drinking water. The experimental groups consisted of three treatments fed for 42 days as follows: a control treatment without feed extract, a treatment containing 1000 ppm of SOPE and a treatment containing 1250 ppm of SOPE. All treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Broilers were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza (AI), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. Antibody titer response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was higher in the group fed 1250 ppm of SOPE (P < 0.05) as well as for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Similarly, antibody titer responses to all vaccines were constantly elevated (P < 0.05) by SOPE enrichment in a dose‐dependent manner. Relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius were unaffected by treatments. Dietary SOPE supplementation may improve the immune response and diseases resistance, indicating that it can constitute a useful additive in broiler feeding. Thus, supplying SOPE in rations may help to improve relative immune response in broiler chickens.     

Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

豚草和三裂叶豚草拮抗植物的筛选

【目的】 研究豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)和三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida L.)浸提液对常用替代牧草高羊茅、早熟禾、黑麦草、披碱草,以及对苜蓿、葵花、玉米、小麦、甜菜种子萌发的影响;筛选对豚草和三裂叶豚草具有防控效果的替代植物以及最佳混种方式。【方法】 采用培养皿滤纸法,研究豚草和三裂叶豚草浸提液对供试种子萌发的影响。采用盆栽竞争试验,运用DeWit取代试验研究法,设置牧草和入侵杂草5种混种方式,混种比例分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1、3∶1,研究黑麦草、披碱草和高羊茅与豚草和三裂叶豚草的竞争效应,分析3种牧草对豚草和三裂叶豚草的替代控制潜力。【结果】 随着豚草和三裂叶豚草的浸提液浓度的增加,4种常用替代牧草种子和新源县5种主要作物种子发芽率,发芽指数和化感效应指数均下降。5种混种密度下,黑麦草、高羊茅与三裂叶豚草混种比例为3∶1时,三裂叶豚草的竞争平衡指数分别为(-0.505 1±0.301 5)、(-0.757 6±0.265 88)均显著小于0(P<0.05);黑麦草、高羊茅与豚草混种比例为1:3时豚草竞争平衡指数分别为(-0.955 8±0.518 08)、(-2.049 7±0.178 55)均显著小于0(P<0.05)。【结论】 豚草和三裂叶豚草浸提液对供试种子萌发具有化感抑制作用;且浸提液浓度越大抑制作用越强,同时叶部化感抑制作用大于根部。三裂叶豚草对四种牧草种子萌发的化感抑制作用大于豚草。黑麦草和高羊茅可以作为豚草和三裂叶豚草的替代植物。黑麦草和高羊茅防治三裂叶豚草时建议播种比例为3∶1;防治豚草时建议播种比例为1∶3。豚草和三裂叶豚草发生密度较大时其化感抑制作用越强,影响牧草萌发生长,应适当加大替代牧草播种量。     

原料、炭化温度和生物质炭组分对小白菜生长的影响

【目的】探究不同原料、炭化温度和生物质炭不同组分对植物生长的影响,进而揭示生物质炭的增产机制。【方法】分别以木屑和玉米秸秆为原料,在350、450、550℃下裂解得到生物质炭。采用热水浸提法将生物质炭中的可溶性组分（浸提液）与难溶性组分（炭骨架）分离。通过盆栽试验,研究不同生物质炭及组分对小白菜生长的影响。【结果】添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下,小白菜地上部生物量平均为16.1 g/盆,显著高于添加木屑生物质炭及其各组分（13.0 g/盆）和对照处理（13.5 g/盆）。与地上部生物量类似,添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下小白菜根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数等形态学指标较木屑生物质炭和对照处理显著改善。添加炭骨架处理下小白菜地上部生物量平均为16.5 g/盆,较添加原状生物质炭和浸提液分别提高26.9%和17.9%。添加炭骨架处理下小白菜根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数较添加浸提液处理分别提高64.1%、51.1%、38.3%和80.0%。不同炭化温度裂解得到的生物质炭对小白菜地上部生物量和根系生长无显著影响。与添加原状生物质炭处理相比,添加炭骨架处理下小白菜地上部氮含量提高25.9%,而磷和钾含量分别降低39.7%和14.1%。添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较添加木屑生物质炭处理分别提高0.1个单位、20.3%、19.1%、29.1%和189.2%。与添加原状生物质炭相比,添加生物质炭骨架处理下土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别降低14.6%、6.6%、41.3%和55.1%,土壤pH升高0.13个单位;而添加生物质炭浸提液处理下土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量分别降低49.8%、18.9%和24.2%,土壤pH和速效钾含量无显著变化。相关分析表明,不同处理下小白菜地上部生物量与根长、表面积、平均直径、根体积、根尖数等根系形态指标和土壤pH呈正相关,与小白菜地上部磷含量呈负相关。【结论】生物质炭制备原料和组成是影响植物生长的重要因素,玉米秸秆生物质炭较木屑生物质炭有更好的增产效果;玉米秸秆生物质炭经热水浸提后再添加至土壤中有更好的增产效果。生物质炭中可溶性组分对根系生长的促进作用是生物质炭增产的主要机制,而可溶性组分对根系促生作用与原料、制备温度和其本身物质组成密切相关。     

3种植物提取物对小麦茎秆性状、光合特性及产量的影响

【目的】研究苦豆子(Sophraalopecuroides)、孜然(Cuminum cyminum)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)3种植物甲醇提取物对小麦的生长调节作用,为新型植物源生长调节剂的研制提供依据。【方法】选用春小麦品种新春44号为材料,以清水处理为对照,将苦豆子、孜然和苦草甲醇提取物浸膏分别制备成3种不同浓度(1%、0.1%、0.01%)的溶液,于小麦拔节前期连续喷施3次,分析小麦株高等茎秆性状、光合特性及产量等相关指标的影响;采用主成分分析法,筛选并评价植物提取物的生物活性。【结果】0.01%苦豆子甲醇提取物处理后,小麦基部第1、2、3节间长度分别降低27.8%、13.4%、4.5%;茎粗分别增加9.4%、16.1%、14.3%;基部3节IAA含量提高16.2%;基部3节ABA含量降低7.9%;株高降低5.6%;旗叶净光合速率增加3.9%;旗叶SPAD值增加6.2%;千粒重、籽粒重量、容重分别增加2.8%、24.7%和3.6%。0.01%苦豆子处理效果显著优于其他处理组。【结论】苦豆子、孜然和苦草3种低浓度甲醇提取物对小麦均具有不同程度的生长调控作用,能缩短节间长度和增加茎粗,增强小麦抗倒伏能力,降低小麦株高的作用,改善田间的通风透光条件,提高旗叶光合作用,提高光能利用率和作物产量。0.01%苦豆子处理效果最优,0.01%孜然甲醇提取物次之。     

2022 年广东荔枝生产形势分析

余甘子是一种药食同源的水果,含有黄酮、酚酸、鞣质和生物碱等活性物质,具有良好的抗氧化、 抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌、护肝、免疫调节和预防糖尿病等多种功效。在古代,余甘子就被用来治疗咳嗽、喉痛、 腹泻及血热等疾病。余甘子鲜果水分含量较高,采后易受微生物污染,在自然条件下贮藏易失水、褐变、腐败, 造成果品严重浪费。而且余甘子鲜食时有较强烈的酸涩感,部分消费者难以接受。对余甘子加工,不仅能降低 其酸涩的口感,还能提高经济和生态效益。综述了余甘子中鞣质类、酚酸类、黄酮类和萜类等主要化学成分, 体外和体内模型下抗氧化、预防糖尿病、抗炎、抗菌、护肝等生物活性功能以及余甘子加工制品研究现状,为 充分挖掘余甘子产品的营养价值和深层次开发高附加值产品提供理论依据,以期推动余甘子产业的可持续健康 发展。     

酵母菌载纳米铁去除水中2, 4, 6–三氯酚的性能

以酵母菌为载体,废弃烟叶提取物为还原剂,制备酵母菌载纳米铁(TB–Fe/SC NPs),并探究其去除水中2, 4, 6–三氯酚(2, 4, 6–TCP)的性能。结果表明：负载在酵母菌上的纳米铁为粒径(77.6±16.1) nm的球形颗粒;TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP主要包括吸附和氧化降解2种途径,符合拟二级反应动力学模型;溶解氧和羟自由基在TB–Fe/SC NPs氧化降解2, 4, 6–TCP中起重要作用;TB–Fe/SC NPs对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率随温度的升高而增大,随2, 4, 6–TCP初始浓度的增大而减少,而反应体系的pH值对TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP的影响较小;TB–Fe/SC NPs用量为1.0~3.0 g/L时,2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率随TB–Fe/SC NPs用量的增大而增大;Fe3+、Mg2+、Ca2+和SO42–能促进TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP的反应,HPO42–、HCO3–和腐殖酸则对反应有抑制作用,而K+、NO3–和Cl–对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除影响不明显;TB–Fe/SC NPs能在室温下稳定储存6个月以上,重复使用6次后,2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率由80.54%下降到28.75%;在25 ℃和pH=5.0的条件下,3 g/L TB–Fe/SC NPs对20 mg/L 2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率和去除量分别为(80.54±0.39)%、(5.23±0.03) mg/g。     

博落回提取物猪耐受性评价及其抗结肠炎机制

将健康的50头长大白杂交猪均分为5组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别按每千克饲料添加博落回散30、150、300、600 mg混饲给药,相当于推荐临床剂量的1、5、10、20倍,对照组(CK)饲料中不添加博落回散,连续饲喂60 d,研究不同剂量博落回散对猪的生长性能、血液学指标、血清生化指标及组织病理学的影响,基于网络药理学探讨博落回提取物(MCE)抗结肠炎的潜在机制。结果表明,与CK相比,饲料中添加30 mg/kg的博落回散可显著提高试验猪的平均日增质量,显著降低料肉比,其他所用剂量的博落回散对试验猪的生长性能均无显著影响;饲料中添加30~600 mg/kg的博落回散的试验猪血液学和血清生化指标均无显著变化,且各脏器组织未见异常病理性损害。可见,饲料中添加30~600 mg/kg博落回散连续饲喂60 d,试验猪具有较好的耐受性。通过SwissTargetPrediction、Genecards、STRING等工具和数据库初步揭示了MCE可能是通过作用于ESR1、BCL2L1、MTOR、MCL1、PTGS2、MAPK8、MMP9、MAPK1、ERBB2和PIK3CA等靶点,并通过ErbB和TNF等信号途径发挥抗炎作用的。     

Effects of grape seed extract on meat color and premature browning of meat patties in high-oxygen packaging

This study investigated the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on fresh and cooked meat color and premature browning (PMB) in ground meat patties (85% beef and 15% pork back fat) packaged under high-oxygen modified atmospheres (HiOx-MAP).  The GSE was added to patties at concentrations of 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1.  This study evaluated the surface color, pH, lipid oxidation, and total viable counts (TVC) of raw patties, and the internal color and pH of patties cooked to a temperature of 66 or 71°C over 10-day storage at 4°C.  Compared with the control (0 g kg^–1 GSE), GSE improved the color stability (P<0.05) and significantly inhibited the lipid and myoglobin oxidation of raw patties from day 5 to 10, but GSE had no effect (P>0.05) on TVC.  Patties containing 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE cooked to 66°C exhibited greater (P<0.05) interior redness than the control and reduced the PMB of cooked patties in the late storage stage.  These results suggested that 0.50 and 0.75 g kg^–1 GSE can improve fresh meat color and minimize PMB of HiOx-MAP patties.