威灵仙酒炙提取工艺研究

以威灵仙根部为原料,采用黄酒用量、干燥条件、提取时间三因素,三水平的L9（34）正交试验设计,以水煎物干膏提取率、薄层层析检测威灵仙中的三萜皂苷为主要考核指标。结果表明：黄酒用量对威灵仙总皂苷提取率有极显著影响,烘干条件有显著影响,提取时间对试验结果影响不显著,表明影响因素最大的是黄酒用量,其次是干燥条件。     

Effects of acid extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.)wastes from the food industry on the growth of some crops and weeds

The effects of acid extracts of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot ( Daucus carota L.) juice wastes from the food industry on the growth of five species of crops and four weeds were examined. The acid extract of the tomato juice waste promoted the shoot and root growth of tomato, Chinese cabbage, corn, and radish, but not the growth of oat seedlings. The extract did not promote the shoot growth of weeds tested, and it inhibited the root growth of the weeds that included barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa oryzicola Ohwi), southern crabgrass ( Digitaria ciliaris Koel.) and Japanese barnyard millet ( Echinochloa utilis Ohwi). The carrot juice waste was also examined as another waste from the food industry. The effect of the acid extract of carrot juice waste showed significant promoting effects on the root growth of Chinese cabbage; however, the effects on other plants were lower than that of tomato juice waste. It also did not inhibit the growth of weeds. These results suggested that the acid extract from tomato juice waste is useful as plant-growth substances because they have a promoting effect on the shoot and root growth of crops, and an inhibitory effect on the root growth of some weeds.     

Phenotypic characterisation of Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella strains isolated from grapevines: enzyme production and virulence of extra-cellular filtrate on grapevine calluses

Extra-cellular enzyme production of different Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaemoniella chlamydospora isolates were used to assay the possibility of inter-specific characterisation. Isolates of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Phaeoacremonium angustius, P. viticola and Ph. chlamydospora were grown on solid media and the activities of extra-cellular amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, laccase, polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, urease and chitinase were assayed. Phaeoacremonium species showed activities of a larger number of enzymes and also enzyme activity was frequently higher suggesting that Phaeoacremonium can be more virulent. To assay if the produced extra-cellular enzymes could reflect the virulence capacity of the two genera, calluses of Vitis vinifera L. (cvs. Baga and Maria Gomes) and of a rootstock (R3309) were inoculated with filtrated culture liquid medium of three isolates of Ph. chlamydospora and one of P. angustius. Filtrates from all strains decreased callus growth and membrane integrity, while soluble protein content of calluses decreased with the strains CAP 054 and 1AS. P. angustius (CAP 054) induced the more severe symptoms in all genotypes. Water content decreased together with an increase of osmolality in both cultivars but not in rootstock suggesting that osmorregulatory capacity is more affected in cultivars. Data show that: (1) Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella genera have different patterns of extra- cellular enzymatic production; (2) these fungi produce extra-cellular compound(s) that induce(s) senescence symptoms in plant cells inhibiting callus proliferation; (3) among the strains tested in plant calluses the most virulent isolate (CAP 054) also produced higher amounts of some extra-cellular enzymes; (5) rootstock calluses were less sensitive to inoculation than grapevine calluses.     

植物提取物、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠室内对杨树溃疡病菌生长的抑制作用

 采用菌丝生长速率法用金银花的花、黄花蒿的地上部分、蓝桉果实和黄柏果实的乙醇提取物及其不同极性的组分对杨树溃疡病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用进行了测定。以黄柏果实的抗菌活性最强,其次是金银花的花。抗菌活性成分主要存在于金银花的正丁醇组分、黄花蒿的石油醚组分和乙酸乙酯组分、蓝桉的水部分、黄柏的正丁醇组分。当培养基中碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的浓度分别为8g/L时(对应的pH值分别为10.24和7.71),菌丝生长抑制率分别为100.00%和79.68%。如果用1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节培养基的pH值至10.00,菌丝生长抑制率为40.58%。说明碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠对菌丝生长的抑制作用,一方面是由于改变了培养基的pH值,另一方面可能是由于碳酸根和碳酸氢根离子抑制了菌丝的生长。     

毛茛科植物提取物添加量对瘤胃微生物体外动态发酵的影响

试验采用活体外产气量法研究毛茛科植物提取物不同添加水平对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响。试验采用单因子完全随机化试验设计,以小麦面粉为底物进行体外发酵。瘤胃液供体动物为3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的本地黄牛,日粮精料水平为30%(日饲喂2次)。植物提取物添加水平分别为0、100、200、300和400mg/L。结果表明:随着毛茛科植物提取物添加水平的提高,小麦面粉24h的DM消化率呈线性下降(P=0.0002),活体外产气速度呈二次曲线规律降低(P=0.0001),而产气延滞期线性增加(P=0.0001),理论最大产气量呈二次曲线规律增加(P=0.0001)。随着植物提取物添加水平的提高,发酵液pH值呈二次曲线增加(P<0.024)。各培养时间点乳酸含量均较低(P<1mmol/L),且各处理之间差异不显著(P>0.10)。提高植物提取物添加水平导致tVFA产量呈二次曲线趋势下降(P<0.01)。通过本试验可得出:毛茛科植物提取物可以通过降低瘤胃发酵的产气速度、提高发酵液pH值以及乙酸和丁酸摩尔比例来调控瘤胃微生物体外发酵,其中植物提取物的适宜添加水平为200～300mg/L。     

原木灵芝孢子研究：（Ⅲ）与木屑袋栽灵芝孢子的鉴别

原木灵芝孢子与木屑袋栽灵芝孢子可以鉴别如下:1.在扫描电镜下,前者形态饱满,后者大多数孢壁内陷;2.X-射线能谱面扫描分析结果表明,两者Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca、Fe、Ni等无机元素相对含量差异显著,前者Si、Ca含量较高;3.高效液相色谱分析结果表明,前者灵芝酸(Ganoderic acid)A、B等灵芝三萜酸含量较高,而后者未检出Ganoderic acid C;4.孢子粉经乙醚脱脂后用乙醇回流提取、浓缩成浸膏,前者提取率(固形物含量)达4.2％～4.8％,而后者仅为1.9％～2.1％。     

猴头菌子实体提取物对人肺癌细胞SPCA-1的抑制作用

猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus)子实体的醇提物用不同极性有机溶剂分部提取,得到石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分部,其中仅石油醚分部能抑制SPCA-1细胞增殖和促进其释放ROS(reactive oxygen species),对石油醚分部的进一步研究发现石油醚分部可诱导SPCA-1细胞早期凋亡和降低G_0/G_1期细胞数量。     

生物柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧特性

研究了柴油机燃用生物柴油-乙醇混合燃料时的燃烧特性,结果表明:乙醇掺烧比小于30%时,各种不同比例的混合燃料的缸内压力曲线趋势相同;随着混合燃料中乙醇掺混比的增加,滞燃期延长,最大压力升高率增加,缸内最高燃烧压力增大,平均压力升高率曲线及峰值点依次滞后,放热率峰值增大且峰值点滞后,燃烧持续期缩短;最高平均压力升高率不大于0.6MPa/oCA,柴油机运转平稳.     

Comparative Pigmentation Efficiency of High Dietary Levels of Apo-Ester and Marigold Extract on Quality Traits of Whole Liquid Egg of Two Strains of Laying Hens

This trial was carried out to compare the effect of the dietary supplementation of high doses of either synthetic pigment ethyl ester of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid (apo-ester) or natural pigments, mainly lutein and zeaxanthin, extracted from Tagetes erecta, on egg quality of hens laying brown shell eggs (ISA Brown) and white shell eggs (Hy-Line White W-36). The hens of each strain were divided into 6 groups and fed a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented either with 40, 60, and 80 ppm of apo-ester (APO) or with 120, 180, and 240 ppm of marigold extract (MAR). Egg pigmentation rose linearly and significantly (P < 0.01) as the dietary levels of apo-ester increased, but this did not occur when MAR supplementation was used. The amount of β-carotene equivalents in whole liquid egg of MAR treatments was almost constant with varying pigment dietary dose and was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in APO treatments. In both hen strains, whole liquid egg redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were higher with APO supplementation. The egg component weights were highly affected (P < 0.01) by the hen strain, with yolk:egg ratio higher in the Hy-Line. The trial confirms that in spite of the higher level of MAR supplementation, APO has a better efficiency in whole liquid egg pigmentation. The ISA Brown hens showed a better ability to absorb dietary carotenoids than did the Hy-Line White.     

葛根素提取工艺及其表征的研究

通过对野葛根中葛根素的分离提纯研究,发现溶剂的浓度对葛根素的收率及酸解过程中盐酸浓度对葛根素晶体纯度的影响均非常明显。为此,对这两个因素做进一步研究,结果表明：45%乙醇抽提时收率达2%;5%盐酸酸解时纯度达95.8%。并对提取物结构进行了1H NMR1、3C NMR、MS、IR表征。为进一步研究葛根素的应用奠定了基础。