Evaluation of the temperature and relative humidity preferences of the western dry-wood termite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Incisitermes minor</Emphasis> (Hagen) using acoustic emission (AE) monitoring

Twenty-four different combinations of six temperatures (15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, and 40°C) and four relative humidity (RH) (60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) conditions were used for pseudergates of the western dry-wood termite Incisitermes minor (Hagen). The feeding activities of the termites were monitored by the detection of generated acoustic emission (AE) events from feeder wood blocks in a test chamber. Temperature and RH showed independent and interactive significant effects on the feeding activity of I. minor. The optimal temperature and RH conditions for the feeding activities were 35°C and 70%, respectively, and the optimal combinations were 35°C-70% and 35°C-80% with an exceptionally higher feeding activity at the combination condition of 30°C-70%.     

Assessment of N2O, NOx and NH3 emissions from a typical rural catchment in Eastern China

To evaluate the atmospheric load of reactive gaseous nitrogen in the fast-developing Eastern China region, we compiled inventories of nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions from a typical rural catchment in Jiangsu province, China, situated at the lower reach of the Yangtze River. We considered emissions from synthetic N fertilizer, human and livestock excreta, decomposition of crop residue returned to cropland and residue burning, soil background and household energy consumption. The results showed that, for the 45.5 km² catchment, the annual reactive gaseous emission was 279 ton N, of which 7% was N₂O, 16% was NO_x and 77% was NH₃. Synthetic N fertilizer application was the dominant source of N₂O and NH₃ emissions and crop residue burning was the dominant source of NO_x emission. Sixty-seven percent of the total reactive gaseous N was emitted from croplands, but on a per unit area basis, NO_x and NH₃ emissions in residential areas were higher than in croplands, probably as a result of household crop residue burning and extensive human and livestock excreta management systems. Emission per capita was estimated to be 18.2 kg N year⁻¹ in the rural catchment, and emission per unit area was 56.9 kg N ha⁻¹year⁻¹ for NH₃ + NO_x, which supports the observed high atmospheric N deposition in the catchment. Apparently, efficient use of N fertilizer and biological utilization of crop straw are important measures to reduce reactive gases emissions in this rural catchment.     

Airborne nitrogen load in Japanese and Chinese agroecosystems

The objective of this review is to make current knowledge on the nitrogen (N) load throughout the atmosphere (airborne N load) available to readers, with special emphasis on Japanese and Chinese agroecosystems. Key species of airborne N are ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitric acid, nitrous acid and particulate ammonium and nitrate. Organic N also exists in the atmosphere. The main processes in terms of the airborne N load involve emission, atmospheric transportation and transformation, atmospheric deposition and environmental impacts. Agricultural activities are the largest emitters of ammonia through emissions mainly from livestock waste and field-applied N fertilizers. The ammonia emissions in China in 1995 from chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers, such as animal excreta, were estimated to be 3.56 and 2.04 Tg N year⁻¹, respectively, and the emissions in Japan were 0.059 and 0.069 Tg N year⁻¹, respectively. The most fundamental causes of the airborne N load in relation to Japanese and Chinese agriculture were intensive livestock farming in Japan and over use of N fertilizers in China. However, agroecosystems are also a sink for airborne N. Atmospheric N deposition was up to 20 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Japan and China, respectively. The unrelenting load of airborne N continues in Japan and China. The development of a simple, but accurate method to determine the dry deposition flux that is applicable to simultaneous and multipoint observations would be valuable. The establishment of cross relationships among in situ observations, remote sensing and numerical modeling is also needed to cope with the issue by assessing the actual status, predicting the future status and working out effective measures.     

黄土区夏闲期土壤呼吸变化特征及其影响因素

本文以1984年设立在黄土旱塬区长期田间定位试验为平台,于2009年采用动态密闭气室法(Li-8100,USA),监测了不同施肥措施下旱地冬麦种植系统中休闲期(7月至9月)土壤呼吸、10cm土层的温度和含水量变化,研究了休闲期土壤呼吸变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:黄土旱塬农田休闲期土壤呼吸速率变化剧烈,最大值为5.05μmol m-2s-1,最小值为0.06μmol m-2s-1,平均值为2.00μmol m-2s-1,变异系数为116.5%;整个休闲期不同施肥处理的土壤呼吸速率大小为:化肥有机肥配施处理(NMP)有机肥处理(M)化肥氮磷处理(NP)化肥氮处理(N)和不施肥处理(CK);2009年7月7日至9月11日间NPM、M、NP、N和CK处理土壤CO2-C排放量分别为2.0、1.6、1.2、0.8和0.8 Mg hm-2;土壤呼吸与土壤水分为极显著抛物线关系(p0.01),可解释55%以上的土壤呼吸变异性;土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈显著线性相关(p0.01),但仅能解释呼吸作用变异性的19%~39%;土壤呼吸对耕作的响应强度与微生物量碳极显著线性正相关(p0.01),与土壤有机碳显著线性正相关(p0.05),与全氮、可溶性碳无明显关系(p0.05);降雨对土壤呼吸的促进或抑制主要取决于降雨前的土壤水分状况。长期水分亏缺降雨,降雨可明显促进土壤呼吸,而土壤水分充足时,降雨抑制土壤呼吸,其影响大小与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤可溶性碳和微生物量碳密切相关。休闲期土壤呼吸受土壤水分、土壤干湿变化、土壤温度、翻耕及土壤有机碳水平等因素的影响。     

秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用3种秸秆还田方式(对照、秸秆均匀混施和秸秆条带状覆盖)进行田间试验,观测稻田CH4和N2O的排放通量,以探讨秸秆条带状覆盖对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响。结果表明:秸秆条带状覆盖的CH4排放量是对照的2.7倍,二者的N2O排放量无明显差异;秸秆条带状覆盖的稻田CH4排放量较秸秆均匀混施减少32%,其N2O排放量是后者的5.1倍;稻田排放CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP)为:秸秆均匀混施秸秆条带状覆盖对照,且差异显著;秸秆条带状覆盖的水稻产量分别较对照和秸秆均匀混施增加27%和17%。秸秆条带状覆盖是值得推荐的稻季秸秆还田方式。     

渤海沉积物中氧化铁的异化还原特征

采用厌氧泥浆培养试验,通过对体系中Fe（Ⅱ）含量变化测定,明确了不同海区沉积物样品中Fe（Ⅲ）的厌氧还原特征。结果表明,不同采样位置的沉积物中Fe（Ⅲ）的还原潜势存在一定差异,除S17及S7样点外其他样品的Fe（Ⅱ）生成量都在3~5 mg.g-1之间,说明来自于不同位置的沉积物本身所含的可还原氧化铁数量及水环境对铁还原的影响不同。海河及大沽排污河河口的Ⅳ类水质海区沉积物中Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力最为强烈,在大港北排河及子牙新河的排海口Fe（Ⅲ）还原亦较高。距离海岸较远的Ⅰ类水质海区沉积物中Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力较弱。通过Logistic模型拟合和方差分析可以看出,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类海区的Fe（Ⅱ）的最大累积量（a）没有显著差异,而与Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类海区差异达到极显著水平;Fe（Ⅱ）的累积速率常数（k）在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类水质海区没有显著的差异,但在最大反应速率（Vma）x上却反映出区别,其中Ⅱ和Ⅲ类水质海区的差异不明显,而与Ⅰ和Ⅳ类水质海区呈现极显著的差异。Fe（Ⅱ）的最大累积量（a）与NO3--N浓度呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数达到-0.834 5,表明NO3-与Fe（Ⅲ）是沉积物中相互竞争的电子受体。     

不同施氮水平对菜地土壤N_2O排放的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同施氮水平对蔬菜地土壤N2O排放的影响。试验设置5个氮水平[0（N0）、430（N1）、860（N2）、1290（N3）、1640（N4）kgN.hm-2],2a试验期间种植的蔬菜有辣椒、萝卜、菠菜和小白菜。结果表明,施氮显著影响N2O排放通量,各施氮水平土壤N2O排放通量范围分别为-8~39、0.4~157、12~626、8.5~982、16~1342μg.m-.2h-1;同时,氮肥施用显著提高了N2O排放总量,各施氮处理（N0、N1、N2、N3和N4）试验期间土壤N2O平均排放总量分别为0.48、1.35、4.49、7.83、10.57kgN.hm-2,土壤N2O排放系数范围是0.33%~1.13%,且施氮水平与土壤N2O排放总量间呈显著的指数函数关系;不同季节蔬菜地土壤N2O排放总量差异很大,其中最大的是辣椒,最小的是菠菜;此外,土壤N2O排放通量季节变化除受施氮水平影响外,还受土壤温度的影响,排放高峰出现在高温的夏季。     

氮肥施用对西南地区紫色土冬小麦N_2O释放和反硝化作用的影响

N2O是重要的温室气体之一,由此引起的全球变暖和臭氧层破坏是当今重要的环境问题。采用遮光密闭箱和气相色谱法研究了氮肥施用对小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理N2O平均排放通量分别为2.71、2.42、1.97 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均N2O排放通量分别为2.42、2.14、3.13 gN.hm-2.d-1。小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理平均反硝化速率分别为4.91、4.50、1.67 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均反硝化速率分别为4.50、3.68、5.29 gN.hm-.2d-1。氮肥施用明显促进了土壤-植物系统中N2O排放通量和反硝化作用,氮肥施用量水平和N2O排放通量、反硝化作用呈正相关。硝酸钾对N2O排放通量和反硝化作用贡献最大,硫酸铵最小。研究还表明,小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用与季节有一定相关性,温度较高季节排放量及反硝化作用明显,反之则较弱。     

黄河中游水利水土保持措施减沙作用研究的回顾与展望

 黄河中游水利水土保持措施减沙关系黄河治理战略全局,对其进行回顾和展望,可为目前开展的黄河综合规划修编提供重要参考。结果表明:1960—1984年,平均每年拦蓄泥沙约5亿t,其中干流水库1.0亿t(19.6%)、支流水库1.2亿t(23.5%)、灌溉引沙0.6亿t(11.8%)、淤地坝拦沙2.0亿t(39.16%)、梯田拦沙0.3亿t(5.9%);到20世纪80和90年代,这种减沙构成略有变化,总体来看,水利措施减沙比例变化不大,而水土保持措施拦沙比例有所减小;70—90年代,黄河中游年均减沙3亿t左右,目前,水利水土保持措施现状减沙约3.5亿～4.5亿t。展望水利水土保持措施减沙作用后认为:近年来,黄土高原水土流失地区暴雨强度较小,实测来沙量资料不能作为黄河综合规划修编中水土保持现状减沙效果计算的主要依据;由于未来黄河中游来沙量变化取决于多种因素的组合,因此,对未来水利水土保持措施减沙作用应持慎重和偏于安全的态度,并作为今后长期认真研究的问题。     

粗集理论中基于差别矩阵的属性约简算法

在传统差别矩阵的基础上,提出了改进的差别矩阵属性约简算法和基于逻辑差别矩阵的属性约简算法,提高了生成差别矩阵时的效率,减少了存储差别矩阵所用的存储空间,并提出了基于回溯思想的逻辑差别矩阵属性约简算法,得到最小约简。