一种土壤重金属污染源位置的分析方法

对某城市表层土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素的含量进行了采样分析,采用域法识别特异值进行数据处理。采用坐标平移法,修正高斯扩散方程,利用MATLAB软件进行拟合,得到了这8种重金属污染源的空间位置坐标。     

基于信息扩散理论的中国粮食主产区水旱灾害风险评估

水旱灾害频发是影响中国粮食安全供给的主要制约因素。该文基于信息扩散理论的风险分析模型,根据1986－2008年期间检索得到的共享数据平台资料,对中国13个粮食主产省（区）的水旱灾害开展风险评估,综合对比分析粮食主产区的水旱灾害风险状况及其空间分布特点。结果表明,中国13个粮食主产省份面临的水旱灾害风险压力均较大,且旱灾风险要大于水灾风险。粮食主产区的水灾风险空间分布格局为南部长江中下游省份多以中度风险为主,东北部和中部黄淮海地区主要为低风险区,而旱灾风险则是东北部和中部黄淮海地区以高、中风险为主,南部长江中下游省份的风险相对较低。     

A comparison of linear and exponential regression for estimating diffusive CH4 fluxes by closed-chambers in peatlands

The closed-chamber method is the most common approach to determine CH₄ fluxes in peatlands. The concentration change in the chamber is monitored over time, and the flux is usually calculated by the slope of a linear regression function. Theoretically, the gas exchange cannot be constant over time but has to decrease, when the concentration gradient between chamber headspace and soil air decreases. In this study, we test whether we can detect this non-linearity in the concentration change during the chamber closure with six air samples. We expect generally a low concentration gradient on dry sites (hummocks) and thus the occurrence of exponential concentration changes in the chamber due to a quick equilibrium of gas concentrations between peat and chamber headspace. On wet (flarks) and sedge-covered sites (lawns), we expect a high gradient and near-linear concentration changes in the chamber. To evaluate these model assumptions, we calculate both linear and exponential regressions for a test data set (n = 597) from a Finnish mire. We use the Akaike Information Criterion with small sample second order bias correction to select the best-fitted model. 13.6%, 19.2% and 9.8% of measurements on hummocks, lawns and flarks, respectively, were best fitted with an exponential regression model. A flux estimation derived from the slope of the exponential function at the beginning of the chamber closure can be significantly higher than using the slope of the linear regression function. Non-linear concentration-over-time curves occurred mostly during periods of changing water table. This could be due to either natural processes or chamber artefacts, e.g. initial pressure fluctuations during chamber deployment. To be able to exclude either natural processes or artefacts as cause of non-linearity, further information, e.g. CH₄ concentration profile measurements in the peat, would be needed. If this is not available, the range of uncertainty can be substantial. We suggest to use the range between the slopes of the exponential regression at the beginning and at the end of the closure time as an estimate of the overall uncertainty.     

The microbial habitat in soil: Scale,heterogeneity and functional consequences

The microbial habitat is rarely studied in soil microbial ecology even though microbial cells are exposed and adapt to their local environmental conditions. The physical environment also constrains interactions among organisms. The nature of microbial communities and their functioning can only be fully understood if their habitat is accounted for. Here, I describe the soil microbial habitat and show how our understanding of microbial functioning has been shaped by this line of investigation.     

农产品检测的漫射近似传输模型

目前,农产品光学无损检测正成为一种新的检测手段.采用漫射近似传输模型对大量光子在样品中的传输进行计算分析,获得农产品样品中光分布规律信息:散射性越强的介质,其光信号同侧检测越明显;同时看到光信号在2mm内急速衰减,而光纤正可以成为合适的探针.这些工作为合理设计无损检测的光探测器提供了理论依据.     

管壁剪切应力对蜡沉积的影响

根据Fick扩散方程，提出了管流条件下扩散至管壁处可析出蜡分子的沉积系数，用该系数描述了管流中油流的冲刷作用对蜡沉积的影响，通过对新疆的几种油样进行试验研究，结果表明，当温度或流速发生变化从而引起管壁剪切应力变化时，沉积系数随着管壁剪切庆力的增大而减小。     

火烧迹地落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散蔓延规律

1987年大兴安岭发生特大森林火灾,为落叶松八齿小蠹猖獗发生提供了优良的环境条件.经过1988、1989两年的研究,发现落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散已从重度火烧林转向中、轻度火烧林,每年扩散危害的距离在10m左右;提出扩散蔓延的数学模型为Y=0.67+1.66X,落叶松八齿小蠹扩散蔓延程度与虫源基地中其种群密度和被扩散林分的生理状况有关.其相关数学模型为Y=2.70X+0.25X_2-1.76,落叶松八齿小蠹种群在火烧迹地上扩散属于聚集型扩散.     

混凝土灌注桩中混含硫酸盐的时变分布规律

硫酸盐环境下,为模拟混凝土灌注桩施工时混入的硫酸盐在桩中的时变分布行为,基于Fick第二定律并结合初始条件与边界条件,应用分离变量法,建立硫酸盐在桩中的时变分布模型。通过算例将本文解与传统解进行比较,并进一步探讨了硫酸盐扩散分布的影响因素和影响规律。结果表明,传统解用于分析混凝土灌注桩桩中硫酸盐扩散有局限性,而本文解相对于传统解具有一定的优势。混凝土灌注桩半径越小,应用传统解分析灌注桩中硫酸盐时变分布误差较大,同时,误差随时间增大。硫酸盐在混凝土灌注桩中的时变分布呈沙漏形,沿半径方向x=0处和桩表面处扩散行为明显,在x=0处附近区域,初始第一年扩散速率较快,在后续的50 a内扩散速率显著减小,但每10 a的平均速率基本相同。扩散系数和初始浓度梯度对硫酸盐在混凝土灌注桩中的时变分布影响较大。     

海鳗盐渍过程的动力学和热力学

该文通过对盐渍过程海鳗肌肉中的食盐、水分、质量和密度的变化来研究氯化钠扩散动力学和热力学，以期了解海鳗盐渍过程的基本机制。结果表明，鱼体体积变化与水分失去，水分失去与食盐获得之间具有良好的线性关系，相关系数分别为0.998和0.994。水分失去和食盐获得随着时间变化的拟合相关系数都为0.992，其平均相对误差分别为4.62%和4.87%，动力学模型能很好地与实验数据相吻合。动力学预示的鱼体体积、水分和食盐含量变化，可作为确定腌制时间的依据。热力学研究表明，盐的扩散系数是温度和初始盐渍浓度的函数,活化能的大小表示了温度对扩散过程的影响，活化能随着初始盐渍浓度增加而减小。当鱼体盐浓度较小时，温度是加速腌制的重要因素。