Direction and speed integrated control driver model optimized by genetic algorithms

To overcome the shortcoming that driving manipulation qualification can’t be embodied by current driver models, the automatic optimization ability of genetic algorithms is adopted to summarize drivers’ self-learning features and driving experience, off-line optimize fuzzy PID scale factor and quantization factor by following running error minimum and physical ability-to-pay minimum principle, and simulate the driving training processes from a green hand to a skilled driver. Then a driver-vehicle closed loop system simulation model including direction fuzzy PID optimized by genetic algorithms, speed fuzzy integrated control driver model and entire vehicle riding dynamics model is established, which simulates and analyzes typical modes, such as longitudinal speed one-way variation, lateral double lane and big curvature test road. The simulation results show that the model can well describe drivers’ longitudinal acceleration/deceleration manipulating characteristics and lateral desired track following steering riding characteristics. And when it’s compared with traditional PID and fuzzy PID, it has better longitudinal acceleration/deceleration manipulating characteristics and lateral desired track following steering riding characteristics.     

土壤直剪试验的动力学仿真

采用ANSYS/LS- DYNA仿真软件,利用Lagrange和SPH相结合的方法及修正的Mohr- Coulomb屈服准则,建立土壤直剪系统可视化仿真模型,进行4种土壤直剪动力学仿真试验,通过回归分析建立了土壤剪切强度与剪切速度的数学模型,研究了土壤剪切破坏过程及剪切速度对剪切强度的影响规律及机理.结果表明,土壤剪切...     

数字配流式液压马达配流特性研究

研究一种采用高速电磁开关阀组实现数字式配流的液压马达。首先分析该数字配流式液压马达的运行机理与结构特点;接着在柱塞运动学分析的基础上,根据配流过程分区间建立了其逆时针和顺时针旋转的数学模型,分析了两个方向旋转模型之间的差异。针对所提出的模型进行了仿真,并在此基础上研究了数字配流式液压马达转向切换过程的特性。初步讨论了高速开关阀的开关频率对液压马达性能的影响,并将该马达与传统液压马达进行了对比。通过样机试验,证明了仿真结果的正确性和有效性。     

Integrated methodology to assess windthrow impacts on forest stands under climate change

Storms have a high potential to cause severe ecological and economic losses in forests. We performed a logistic regression analysis to create a storm damage sensitivity index for North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, based on damage data of the storm event “Kyrill”. Future storm conditions were derived from two regional climate models. We combined these measures to an impact metric, which is embedded in a broader vulnerability framework and quantifies the impacts of winter storms under climate change until 2060. Sensitivity of forest stands to windthrow was mainly driven by a high proportion of coniferous trees, a complex orography and poor quality soils. Both climate models simulated an increase in the frequency of severe storms, whereby differences between regions and models were substantial. Potential impacts will increase although they will vary among regions with the highest impacts in the mountainous regions. Our results emphasise the need for combining storm damage sensitivity with climate change signals in order to develop forest protection measures.     

Flying vs. climbing: Factors controlling arboreal seed removal in oak-beech forests

Nuts are heavy and nutritious seeds that need animals to be successfully dispersed. Most studies address nut removal by a single animal species once seeds fall onto the ground. However, nuts are also accessible before the seed drop and usually to a wide guild of seed foragers. This study examines the factors controlling arboreal seed removal in oak-beech forests within the whole guild of nut foragers. We found that seed-dispersing rodents (Apodemus sylvaticus) were the main acorn removers in the oaks (up to 3.75 m height), with a rapid seed encounter and a high removal rate. However, rodents did not climb the beech trees, probably due to their smoother bark in comparison to oak bark and/or the lower nutritional value of beechnuts with regard to acorns. Jays (Garrulus glandarius) were more abundant in oak stands (both dense and scattered) and clearly preferred acorns to beechnuts whereas nuthatches (Sitta europaea) were more abundant in beech stands and preferred beechnuts to acorns. Non-storing birds such as great tits (Parus major) also removed acorns and beechnuts, especially in the stands where oaks are dominant. Jays and rodents preferred sound seeds over insect-infested seeds but such a preference was not found for nuthatches. This study highlights that pure beech stands showed a reduced guild of arboreal nut foragers in comparison to oak stands. This different guild could probably affect the spatial patterns of seed dispersal, with a proportionally higher number of long dispersal events for acorns (mostly jay-dispersed) than for beechnuts (mostly nuthatch-dispersed). Long-distance dispersal of beechnuts (by jays) is determined by the presence of other preferred species (oaks) and their frequency of non-mast years. Seed location in different habitats strongly determines the contribution of different arboreal removers (including climbing rodents) and their removal speed, leading to a differential seed fate that will eventually affect tree regeneration. As nuthatches are sedentary birds, it is important to maintain old and dead trees where they can breed (crevices), forage (arthropods) and store seeds in order to favor beechnut dispersal and gene flow. By maintaining or favoring oak trees within beech stands we will ensure a wider guild of arboreal nut dispersers.     

阿克苏流域可能蒸发量的计算

利用阿克苏流域内的9个气象站的日风速、最高温度、最低温度等气象要素资料,通过彭曼-蒙特斯公式计算出气象单站的可能蒸发量,再通过采用梯度距离平方反比法(GIDS)作为差值公式计算出阿克苏流域内的每个网格点的可能蒸发量。结果表明:阿克苏流域年平均可能蒸发量约为848.3亿m3,且分布不均匀,最大值达到1 600mm,最小值约为600mm。在阿克苏流域,海拔高差变化和温、湿度是影响可能蒸发量大小的主要因素;可能蒸发量的总体变化趋势随着海拔高度的降低而逐渐增大,随着平均温度的增大而逐渐增大;阿克苏流域的可能蒸发量只是实际蒸发量的区间上限。     

高阶亚纯函数系数非齐次线性微分方程解的增长性

研究了高阶亚纯函数系数非齐次线性微分方程f(k)+Ak-1f(k-1)+…+A0f=Q·exp{E(z)}解的超级和二级不同零点收敛指数,在假设其系数满足一定的条件下,得到方程解的超级和二级不同零点收敛指数的精确估计。     

双向可控硅过零调功调速的技术实现方法

为实现对仔猪舍通风换气设备的无级调速控制，对电机调速进行了分析和研究。提出了一种以可控硅过零调功方式实现调速的控制方案。该方案采用过零触发方式，使可控硅输出完整的正弦波电压。不仅无高次谐波产生，而且不影响电网电压，不干扰通讯设备。系统的可控硅过零触发与主回路控制由软硬件协同完成．其中软件承担了主要的控制任务，从而简化了硬件设计，便于检修和维护。所提出的调速方案解决了仔猪舍通风电机的调速问题，为同类系统的开发提供了参考。     

产红色素菌株的筛选、鉴定及其理化性质的研究

对20株真菌菌株进行基本培养基的筛选、菌株的初筛与复筛,得到1株高产红色素菌株GG-6 j。其胞内色素OD值为0.53,胞外色素OD值为0.29,GG-6 j的综合胞内外OD值均高于其他菌株;且该菌株生长活力相对最强。以其为目标菌株,进行菌种鉴定,结合各项特征初步鉴定该菌株属于镰刀菌属。理化性质研究表明,该菌株所产色素极易溶于各种有机溶剂,有较好的耐高温性能,50℃下高温处理颜色不发生变化,提取液最大吸收波长为520 nm。     

西北型日光温室内风速分布及其与室外风速和通风面积的关系

通风对调节温室内小气候有重要作用。试验通过对温室内、外共10个观测点不同高度风速的测量分析,研究了西北型节能日光温室内的风速分布规律及室外风速与通风面积对室内风速的影响。结果表明,西北型节能日光温室中的风速日变化呈双峰曲线;风速在水平方向上的分布由东到西差异不大,由南至北呈V字型分布;温室内的风速折减率随高度的增加而增加;室内温升值随通风面积的增大而减小。西北型日光温室最佳通风面积比是18%~25%。