修剪与施氮对板栗叶片N、P营养及产量的影响

为探究修剪与施氮量对板栗树体叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响,明确适宜当地板栗的修剪与施氮量的最佳组合,以13年生的板栗燕山早丰为试验对象,采用双因素随机区组试验,研究修剪强度(每平方米投影面积留结果母枝17~18、14~15和11~12个,分别记为X₁、X₂和X₃)与施氮量(施氮为0、375、750 kg·hm^-2,分别记为N₀、N₁和N₂,施磷均为164 kg·hm^-2,施钾为311 kg·hm^-2)的交互作用对板栗叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响。结果表明,N₁(中等氮肥)和X₂(中等修剪)条件下叶片氮含量、结果枝叶片氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率最高。X₂N₁、X₁N₂处理的叶片氮磷含量及产量均较高,且2个处理的结果枝叶片氮含量及产量差异显著;X₃N₀处理的产量不高,但其单粒重和出实率均较高。其中,X₂N₁处理的结果枝及营养枝的叶片氮含量(23.179、23.650 g·kg^-1)、结果枝叶片氮磷比(13.67)、产量(3 502.80 kg·hm^-2)、单粒重(8.26 g)和出实率(41.48%)均为最高。板栗树体需氮量随着修剪强度的增强(即单位面积留枝量的减少)而降低,修剪与施氮量2种措施之间具有协同性。从叶片氮磷含量及产量等指标综合考虑,X₂N₁处理是当地修剪与施肥的最佳组合。综上,中等修剪强度配合中等氮肥在增加叶片营养的基础上,保证了板栗的单粒重和产量。本研究为迁西地区板栗高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

张家港市农田土壤重金属含量高光谱遥感监测模型构建

以张家港农田土壤作为研究对象,在实验室测定土壤重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Hg的含量,并与土壤可见近红外高光谱数据建立土壤重金属含量的定量估测模型,以快速获取研究区农田的土壤重金属含量。为保证模型预测的精度和稳定性,首先,对原始高光谱数据进行平滑处理,并进行一阶导数、倒数一阶导数、倒数的对数一阶导数、平方根一阶导数和连续统去除等形式的光谱变换;然后,提取不同变换光谱的特征波段进行相关性分析;最后,通过逐步回归法建立重金属含量的定量估算模型。结果表明:张家港市农田土壤中Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn存在一定的污染风险。在高光谱的不同变换形式中,一阶导数和连续统去除与重金属含量的相关系数高于其他变换形式。基于8种土壤重金属含量与高光谱数据建立的定量估算模型具有良好的预测精度。Cd、Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb估算模型的实际值与验证值的拟合度分别为0.874、0.879、0.800、0.646、0.513、0.655、0.603和0.542,可用于预测张家港市的农田土壤重金属含量。     

Quantifying trophic interactions and niche sizes of juvenile fishes in an invaded riverine cyprinid fish community

Quantifying feeding interactions between nonindigenous and indigenous fishes in invaded fish communities is important for determining how introduced species integrate into native food webs. Here, the trophic interactions of invasive 0+ European barbel Barbus barbus (L.) and the three other principal 0+ fishes in the community, Squalius cephalus (L.), Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) and Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), were investigated in the River Teme, a River Severn tributary in Western England. B. barbus has been present in the River Teme for approximately 40 years. Analyses of stomach contents from samples collected from three sites between June and September 2015 revealed that, overall, fishes displayed a generalist feeding strategy, with most prey having low frequency of selection. Relationships of diet composition versus body length and gape height were species‐specific, with increasing dietary specialisms apparent as the 0+ fishes increased in length and gape height. The trophic niche size of invasive B. barbus was always significantly smaller than S. cephalus and L. leuciscus and was significantly smaller than P. phoxinus at two sites. This was primarily due to differences in the functional morphology of the fishes; 0+ B. barbus were generally restricted to foraging on the benthos, whereas the other fishes were able to forage on prey present throughout the water column. Nevertheless, the invasive B. barbus were exploiting very similar prey items to populations in their native range, suggesting these invaders were strongly pre‐adapted to the River Teme and this arguably facilitated their establishment and invasion.     

Acetylation of intact white rice grains to alter the physicochemical properties

The effect of acetylation of milled rice grains of selected varieties (TDK 8, YRW 4, Reiziq, Amber 33, and SHZ 2) with varying apparent amylose contents (3.8–26.6%) on their physicochemical properties was investigated. Milled rice samples were treated with different acetic anhydride concentrations (0.004–0.04 g per 100 g of milled rice samples in 225 mL of water). Results showed that glutinous (TDK 8), very low amylose (YRW 4) and low amylose containing varieties (Reiziq) were prone to acetylation even with 0.004 g of acetic anhydride. X-ray diffraction patterns showed an increase in the crystallinity in acetylated samples and formation of V-type crystals, suggesting the possible interaction of acetic anhydride with starch. Acetylation of rice grains resulted in reduced peak and final viscosities and gel strength, particularly in glutinous (TDK 8) and very low amylose (YRW 4) rice. Differential calorimetric study showed that acetic anhydride treatment resulted in reduced thermal transition temperatures and enthalpy of all varieties. Although increase in the retrogradation thermal temperatures was observed, the enthalpy of retrogradation was reduced with increasing acetylation, suggesting that the extent of starch retrogradation was lower in all varieties with more prominent reduction in the glutinous type. Furthermore, the texture of cooked acetic anhydride treated rice grains was less hard and showed more adhesiveness. This study demonstrated that the acetylation of rice grains (instead of flour) was successfully achieved, showing the potential of applying acetylation to alter the textural, pasting, thermal and retrogradation properties of rice.     

毛瓣棘豆结荚期营养成分及其矿质元素含量

将毛瓣棘豆Oxytropis serioopetala地上部风干、粉碎,分别进行粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维等营养成分和钙、磷、硫、硒、铁、钴、铜、锌、锰、钼等矿质元素的测定.结果表明,毛瓣棘豆中粗蛋白含量为10.75 %,粗脂肪含量为4.79 %,粗纤维含量为27.65 %,其营养价值总体上与豆科、禾本科牧草相当;毛瓣棘豆中钙、磷、硫、硒、铁、钴、铜、锌、锰、钼等矿质元素含量分别为91.5、80.9、9.5、0.03108、30.4、15.185、3.28、4.59、3.74和0.085 mg/kg,其中钴元素超过我国牛饲养标准和美国国家科学研究委员会(NRC)奶牛、绵羊饲养标准要求的最大耐受剂量.     

辽育白牛两部位牛肉营养成分和氨基酸组成的分析

对6头22～24月龄辽育白牛育肥牛的眼肉和腹肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸组成测定分析,结果表明:辽育白牛眼肉和腹肉的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量分别为59.5%±3.02%、18.17%±1.22%、24.03%±4.48%、0.84%±0.09%和58.69%±1.21%、15.84%±1.22%、34.18%±7.01%、0.74%±0.04%;必需氨基酸、总氨基酸、必需/总氨基酸、必需/非必需氨基酸含量分别为6.04 g/100 g±0.15 g/100 g、16.4 g/100 g±0.19 g/100 g、36.83%±0.17%、58.3%±0.26%和6.59 g/100 g±0.18 g/100 g、17.72 g/100 g±0.18 g/100 g、37.19%±0.19%、59.21%±0.31%,蛋白质中必需氨基酸组成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准。因此,辽育白牛眼肉和腹肉主要营养成分和氨基酸含量构成较为理想,适合生产高档牛肉。     

不同禽流感病毒含量的新-流二联灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡后抗体水平的监测

将未浓缩的新城疫抗原分别与未浓缩的、浓缩3倍、浓缩6倍的禽流感抗原混合,并制备成三组鸡新城疫、禽流感（H9N2 HP株）二联灭活疫苗（简称新-流二联灭活疫苗）,分别免疫21日龄SPF鸡,每羽0.3 mL,同时设置未免疫的空白对照组,免疫组与对照组均在免疫前及免疫后7、14、21、28、35 d进行采血,检测新城疫和禽流感抗体。结果发现,各免疫组在免后不同日龄的新城疫抗体基本一致,禽流感病毒抗原浓缩倍数越高（即禽流感病毒含量越高）的新-流二联灭活疫苗,免后14、21 d的抗体也越高;从免后21 d开始,各免疫组的禽流感抗体水平差异逐渐减小,免疫后禽流感抗体水平的高低可以反映该疫苗的免疫效果。试验结果表明,该疫苗可以通过浓缩提高抗原病毒含量的方法来提高免后早期抗体水平,取得良好的早期免疫效果。     

信阳市南湾水库库区森林植被调查分析

信阳市南湾水库库区森林植被南湾水库库区的水资源涵养和水土保持具有重要的作用。本文对水库加区的森林植被的环境,资源状况,类型进行了调查分析,并提出了保护管理的建议。     

水稻种子含钾量的基因型差异

对6份野生稻,53份粳稻,153份籼稻和28份杂交稻F₁代种子的钾含量进行了分析。水稻种子含钾量的差异十分显著,尤其是籼稻和粳稻种子有着成倍的差别。     

近红外反射光谱测定玉米完整籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的研究

 以128份常用普通玉米自交系及杂交种的混合籽粒样品为材料,采用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归法,对近红外反射光谱(NIRS)测定玉米完整籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量的可行性和方法进行了研究。结果表明,采用一阶导数+多元散射校正预处理、谱区为10000～4000cm-1和一阶导数+直线扣减预处理、谱区为9000～4000cm-1,分别建立的蛋白质、淀粉含量的校正模型,其校正和预测效果最佳。其校正决定系数(R2cal)均大于0.97,交叉验证和外部验证决定系数(R2cv、R2val)为0.92～0.95,各项误差(RMSEE