Chemical characterization of various parts of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans)

The current study was initiated to characterize various parts of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) to establish whole utilization of this biomass as potential raw material for fuels and chemicals. Nipa consisting of frond, shell, husk and leaf was chemically characterized for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, protein, extractives and inorganic constituents for its each part. The total chemical composition showed that the cellulose and hemicellulose contents were in the range of 28.9-45.6 wt% and 21.8-26.4 wt%, respectively. The hemicellulose was rich with glucuronoxylan. The lignin content was 19.4-33.8 wt% with the highest lignin content found in leaf. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that nipa palm lignin mainly consists of guaiacyl and syringyl propane units with a small amount of p-hydroxyphenylpropane unit. Besides the main chemical components, starch, protein and extractives were also present in significant amounts from 2 to 8 wt%. Additionally, the ash content was high from 5.1 to 11.7 wt%, consisting of the major inorganic elements being Na, K and Cl with minor inorganic elements of Mg, Ca, Si, P, S and Al. Overall, each part of the nipa palm has its individual superior characteristics and could be exploited as lignocellulosic resources for fuels and chemicals.     

气相色谱法鉴别橄榄油掺伪的研究

应用气相色谱法分析测定橄榄油的脂肪酸组成,揭示橄榄油脂肪酸特征,并研究其掺入菜籽油、花生油、大豆油或精炼橄榄油时脂肪酸的变化规律,为橄榄油的掺伪鉴别提供参考依据。     

Use of the N-alkanes to Estimate Intake,Apparent Digestibility and Diet Composition in Sheep Grazing on Stipa breviflora Desert Steppe

The application of n-alkane as markers to estimate herbage intake, apparent digestibility and species composition of diet consumed by grazing sheep was studied. Six local Mongolian sheep were used to determine dry matter (DM) intake, apparent DM digestibility and species composition of diet during summer, autumn and winter. Animals were orally dosed twice daily with n-alkane gelatin capsules containing 60 mg C₃₂-alkane as an external marker. Diet composition was estimated by comparing the odd-chain n-alkanes pattern profile (C₂₇-C₃₁) of the consumed plant species with the n-alkanes fecal concentrations of grazing animals, using a non-negative least squares algorithm called EATWHAT software package. The alkane pair C₃₂:C₃₃ and C₃₃ alkane were used to estimate DM intake and diet apparent DM digestibility, respectively. The results showed that daily dry matter intake of the sheep were 1.77, 1.61 and 1.18 kg d⁻¹ in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Apparent DM digestibility, crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of diet consumed by sheep decreased significantly (P<0.01) from summer to winter, with no evident changes in ADF and ADL intake. Diet composition indicated Artemisia frigida Willd was the most dominant diet component, contributed 79.68, 68.12 and 86.26% of sheep's diets in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Cleistogenes songorica Ohwi and Convolvulus ammannii Desr were the important components of the diet. Although Stipa breviflora Griseb is one of the main plant species in the study area, the sheep rarely choosed it. The study indicated that CP and ME in diet consumed by sheep were deficient in winter. Therefore, appropriate supplementation strategies should be indispensable during this period.     

饲粮生物素水平对团头鲂幼鱼肠道消化酶活性、胴体组成及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

选择初重为201±001 g团头鲂幼鱼720尾,分别饲喂生物素添加量为0,002,005,016,062和249 mg·kg-1等氮等能的纯化饲料,研究饲料中添加生物素对团头鲂幼鱼肠道消化酶活力、胴体组成及肝脏抗氧化的影响。结果表明: 团头鲂幼鱼肠道脂肪酶和蛋白酶活力随生物素含量的升高呈现先增加后下降的变化,它们分别在生物素含量为062和016 mg·kg-1时达到最大值。饲料生物素含量为016 mg·kg-1组的团头鲂幼鱼与对照组相比具有较低的水分和较高的粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量,差异显著(P<005)。饲料中生物素含量从0上升至005 mg·kg-1时,GSH含量,GSH Px、SOD活性显著升高,差异显著(P<005);当其含量进一步升高至249 mg·kg-1时,三者均无显著变化(P>005)。综上所述,饲料中添加适宜浓度生物素可以提高团头鲂幼鱼肠道脂肪、蛋白质的消化能力,胴体粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量及肝脏抗氧化能力。     

江苏宝应湖湿地秋冬两季鸟类区系组成及多样性调查

于2012年9月至2013年3月采用样线法对江苏扬州宝应湖湿地冬季鸟类的区系组成进行调研,调查期间共记录到鸟类56种,隶属11目28科。冬季鸟类组成中,留鸟31种,冬候鸟19种,旅鸟6种。古北界鸟类24种,东洋界鸟类20种,其余12种为广布型,鸟类的区系组成兼有古北界和东洋界过渡的特点。鸟类群落多样性的比较分析显示,湖岸生境较敞水区生境的鸟类多样性程度高。调查期间未发现大型雁鸭类。结果表明,保护区域内越冬鸟类的多样性,必须权衡满足当地居民对淡水资源的合理需求与尽可能多地保护生物多样性这两者之间的关系。     

Myristic Acid (MA) Promotes Adipogenic Gene Expression and the Differentiation of Porcine Intramuscular Adipocyte Precursor Cells

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is considered to be a key factor that affects the marbling, tenderness, juiciness and flavor of pork. To investigate the effects of myristic acid (MA) on the differentiation of porcine intramuscular adipocytes, cells were isolated from longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) and treated with 0, 10, 50 or 100 μmol L-1 MA. The results showed that MA significantly promotes the differentiation of intramuscular adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. MA also led to a parallel increase in the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and adipose-related genes, such as glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4/aP2), fatty acid translocase (FAT), acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACCα), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). However, no significant effects of MA were observed on the expression of CAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) or hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) was increased by MA during the early stages of differentiation (day 1-3). In addition, MA also increased the absolute content of C14 (P<0.001) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P<0.05) to varying degrees, but no effects were observed on other fatty acids. These results suggest that MA might be able to enhance the IMF content of pork and increase the accumulation of myristic and myristoleic acid in muscle, which might have beneficial implications for human health.     

闽育茶树品种生育期与生化成分比较及遗传多样性分析

在相同生态、栽培条件下,对相同树龄的福建省40个通过国家、省级审（认、鉴）定的茶树品种进行连续2年的春梢物候期调查、生化成分检测及遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在26个乌龙茶品种中,31%为早生种,46%为中生或中晚生种,23%为晚生种;在14个绿茶品种中,29%为特早生种,7%为晚生种,其余64%为早生或中生种;各品种间存在显著的芽期差异,为生产用种芽期搭配提供了有利条件。参试品种的水浸出物含量为40%~52%,茶多酚9.8%~20.8%,游离氨基酸3.0%~6.8%,咖啡碱2.9%~5.0%,说明各成分含量在品种间具有较大差异。参试的40个品种遗传多样性较丰富,其中早春毫、政和大白茶、霞浦元宵茶和悦茗香4个品种的遗传距离较远,其他36个品种聚类可分为铁观音类群、闽南类群、福鼎大白茶类群和黄旦类群等4类。本研究结果为茶叶生产用种的多样性选择提供了重要的数据参考和理论指导。     

饲料蛋氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼生长、饲料利用率和体成分的影响

为了评价不同饲料蛋氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼生长、饲料利用率及体成分的影响,实验通过在半精制基础饲料中添加DL-蛋氨酸,配制成蛋氨酸水平分别为0.26%、0.55%、0.85%、1.14%、1.44%和1.73%的6种等氮等能(32.09%粗蛋白质,15.82 kJ/g总能)的饲料,以初始体质量(66.76±2.29)g的吉富罗非鱼为实验对象,每种实验饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养实验鱼25尾,养殖系统为室内养殖系统,每天表观饱食投喂3次,养殖时间为60 d。结果发现,随饲料蛋氨酸含量的增大,罗非鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料蛋白效率(PER)、饲料蛋白沉积率(PDR)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数(FCR)呈现先下降后上升的趋势。且在蛋氨酸含量为1.14%时WGR、SGR、PER均达到最大(分别为361.91%、2.73%/d和2.53%),FCR达到最低(为1.23),PDR则在蛋氨酸水平为1.44%时达到最大(47.22%)。随饲料蛋氨酸含量的增加,罗非鱼肝体比和脏体比呈明显的先下降后上升的变化趋势,肥满度则无明显的变化;随饲料蛋氨酸含量的增加,罗非鱼肌肉粗蛋白质呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,而全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪呈先升高后稳定的变化趋势。但全鱼粗蛋白、全鱼和肌肉中的水分、灰分的含量差异均不显著,肌肉中组氨酸、丝氨酸和胱氨酸含量差异不显著,但其余各种氨基酸含量及肌肉必需氨基酸总量(ΣEAA)、肌肉氨基酸总量(ΣTAA)均呈先上升后下降的趋势。以WGR、SGR、PER、PDR、FCR作为评价指标,通过二次回归分析可知,胱氨酸含量为0.30%时,罗非鱼饲料中适宜的蛋氨酸水平应为1.13%~1.16%,占饲料蛋白质的3.52%~3.61%。     

不同种类碳水化合物对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

为了解罗非鱼对不同种类碳水化合物(CBH)的利用效果,研究了6种碳水化合物对罗非鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响。实验选用720尾初重为(3.0±0.3)g的健康吉富罗非鱼,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂设计含30%南方糙米、次粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和木薯淀粉的6种不同CBH的等氮、等能饲料,实验周期为8周。结果显示,南方糙米、玉米淀粉组的终末均重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白效率显著高于其他组,而饲料系数明显最低(P0.05)。CBH种类明显影响全鱼、肌肉的组成(P0.05)。玉米淀粉组肝糖原含量明显高于马铃薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和木薯淀粉组(P0.05),而马铃薯淀粉和甘薯淀粉组的血糖明显低于木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和次粉组(P0.05)。CBH种类对血清CHO、TG影响明显(P0.05),但对TP、SOD、T-AOC和MDA的影响不明显(P0.05)。研究表明,不同种类CBH对罗非鱼生长性能的影响明显(P0.05),以特定生长率为指标,罗非鱼对南方糙米和玉米淀粉的利用效果较好。     

香鱼背部脂肪腔的形态特征、显微结构及内容物成分分析

香鱼背部有一较为特殊的脂肪腔,但迄今尚未对脂肪腔形态、结构和成分进行研究。本实验采用常规方法对其进行了形态解剖、显微结构观察及内容物成分分析。结果显示,脂肪腔开始于头部上枕骨,止于脂鳍下方,呈长梭形,横切面倒三角形;脂肪腔质量[(1.95±0.86)g]占鱼体总质量[(39.31±5.12)g]的4.96%,长度[(9.17±0.82)cm]占鱼体全长[(17.23±0.72)cm]的53.22%;脂肪腔内有上下腺体、肌肉组织、未分化的间充质细胞、脂肪细胞以及分布其中的微血管;内容物的主要成分为粗脂肪(49.10%)、水(42.4%)、粗蛋白(6.8%)和灰分(1.13%);脂肪酸占内容物总量的34.266%,包含5种饱和脂肪酸和6种不饱和脂肪酸,其中,含量最高的为棕榈酸(11.800%),最低的为月桂酸(0.022%);氨基酸在脂肪腔中总含量为7.1%,其中含量最高的为谷氨酸(1.18%),最低的是蛋氨酸(0.10%)。