西北干旱半干旱区小麦对气候变化响应的评价指标体系*

近年来,在全球变暖的大背景下,西北也经历着同样的变暖趋势,尤其是在西北干旱区新疆、甘肃河西走廊等地的棉花种植区,气候变暖对小麦生长发育的影响研究日益增多,但如何正确、合理的评价小麦对气候变暖的响应,已成为目前十分突出的科学和实际问题。在评价的过程中,评价指标的选择和确定是重中之重。鉴于此,本文筛选了几类重要的评价指标,主要有小麦生长发育、种植结构、 地理分布、农业气象灾害、农业病虫害气象指标等,这些指标的选择为科学评价小麦对气候变化的响应奠定了一定的基础。     

Soil organic‐C accumulation and N availability under improved pastures established in Mediterranean oak woodlands

Long‐term effects of improved pasture establishment (with high proportion of legumes) on soil organic‐C status and N availability in Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands were assessed. Soils were sampled beneath scattered crowns and in open areas, considering two systems: unmanaged and managed woodlands where improved pastures were installed 26 and 32 years ago. Total and labile C and N pools were measured and C and N mineralization were determined over 24 weeks laboratory incubation. Soils under improved pastures showed higher organic‐C, total‐N and net N mineralization than those under unmanaged pasture, mainly when established beneath trees. Potentially mineralizable C, C mineralization rate and microbial C were not statistically different between the unmanaged and improved pasture sites, but were higher closer to the tree than in the open area (1.8, 1.2 and 1.2 times, respectively). The qCO₂ was higher in improved pastures (1.7 times). Labile pool of C and N extracted with hot water increased under improved pasture (3.4 and 1.7 times, respectively). Results indicate that soil quality amelioration by improved pastures is stronger in the presence of oak trees. Management systems that favour oak tree maintenance and regeneration should be taken into account to reverse soil degradation.     

内蒙古自治区森林资源状况

文章以内蒙古第六次森林资源连续清查结果为依据,概述了内蒙古自治区森林资源及其生态状况,并针对存在主要问题提出森林资源保护与发展建议。     

Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead

Petrosky CE, Schaller HA. Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 520–536. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Improved understanding of the relative influence of ocean and freshwater factors on survival of at‐risk anadromous fish populations is critical to success of conservation and recovery efforts. Abundance and smolt to adult survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead decreased dramatically coincident with construction of hydropower dams in the 1970s. However, separating the influence of ocean and freshwater conditions is difficult because of possible confounding factors. We used long time‐series of smolt to adult survival rates for Chinook salmon and steelhead to estimate first year ocean survival rates. We constructed multiple regression models that explained the survival rate patterns using environmental indices for ocean conditions and in‐river conditions experienced during seaward migration. Survival rates during the smolt to adult and first year ocean life stages for both species were associated with both ocean and river conditions. Best‐fit, simplest models indicate that lower survival rates for Chinook salmon are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity during the smolt migration or multiple passages through powerhouses at dams. Similarly, lower survival rates for steelhead are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity and warmer river temperatures. Given projections for warming ocean conditions, a precautionary management approach should focus on improving in‐river migration conditions by increasing water velocity, relying on increased spill, or other actions that reduce delay of smolts through the river corridor during their seaward migration.     

A possible mechanism of mineral responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 in rice grains

Increasing attentions have been paid to mineral concentration decrease in milled rice grains caused by CO2 enrichment, but the mechanisms still remain unclear. Therefore, mineral(Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn) translocation in plant-soil system with a FACE(Free-air CO2 enrichment) experiment were investigated in Eastern China after 4-yr operation. Results mainly showed that:(1) elevated CO2 significantly increased the biomass of stem and panicle by 21.9 and 24.0%, respectively, but did not affect the leaf biomass.(2) Elevated CO2 significantly increased the contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn in panicle by 61.2, 28.9, 87.0, 36.7, and 66.0%, respectively, and in stem by 13.2, 21.3, 47.2, 91.8, and 25.2%, respectively, but did not affect them in leaf.(3) Elevated CO2 had positive effects on the weight ratio of mineral/biomass in stem and panicle. Our results suggest that elevated CO2 can favor the translocation of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn from soil to stem and panicle. The CO2-led mineral decline in milled rice grains may mainly attribute to the CO2-led unbalanced stimulations on the translocations of minerals and carbohydrates from vegetative parts(e.g., leaf, stem, branch and husk) to the grains.     

Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations

Effects of recent climate change have already been detected in many species, and, in particular, in insects. The present paper reviews the key impacts of global warming on insect development and dispersal. The effects of climate change appear to be much more complex than a simple linear response to an average increase in temperature. They can differ between seasons and bioclimatic regions. Earlier flight periods, enhanced winter survival and acceleration of development rates are the major insect responses. Differential response of insects and hosts to warming up might also lead to disruption of their phenological synchrony, but adaptive genetic processes are likely to quickly restore this synchrony. In a number of cases, warming results in removing or relocating the barriers that limit present species' ranges. It is also likely to facilitate the establishment and spread of invasive alien species. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and future research interests are suggested.     

环境条件对重阳木生长的影响

对重阳木以通径分析方法分析其生长状况与环境条件的关系。结果表明:多行的重阳木与其生长状况呈较强的正相关关系,除直接作用外,根系半深埋,根系损害以及地面硬化等均可通过其对生长状况产生影响;根系正常与冠幅生长相关性较强,除直接作用外,多行,根系伤害以及地面硬化程度均可通过其对冠幅生长产生影响;单行的重阳木与树干生长关系密切,除直接作用外,根系深埋、根系伤害程度以及地面硬化程度均可通过其对树干生长产生影响;根系深埋推迟发芽时间,除直接作用外,单行以及地面硬化均可通过其对发芽时间产生影响。     

呼伦贝尔岭东南旱作丘陵区气候资源潜力分析

对呼伦贝尔市阿荣旗三道沟镇商品粮生产基地主要粮食作物的光合、光温、气候、气候-土壤资源潜力进行分析,结果表明热量条件是限制该地区粮食增产的主要非可控因素,如能改善热量条件,还有20%～30%的增产潜力;该地区的降水条件对玉米、大豆、马铃薯、水稻四种主要粮食作物的满足程度在80%左右,表明降水量及其季节分布是该镇粮食产量低的制约因素之一,存在的问题是水分利用率较低;土壤养分状况对马铃薯和水稻增产未表现明显的限制作用,而对玉米和大豆增产却是最主要限制因素。     

气候变化对陇东塬区冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

分析西峰农业气象试验站冬小麦生育期的观测资料表明,气候变暖使陇东塬区冬小麦全生育期天数缩短,主要是越冬期天数缩短,而冬小麦实际生长的天数并未缩短;气候变暖使冬小麦播种期推迟,成熟期提前,从而使麦田的休闲期延长,延长了复种作物的生长期,为提高气候资源的利用率和单位面积的产量提供了保证。气候变化对冬小麦气候产量的影响具有明显的周期性。