流道结构对低压旋转式喷头水力性能影响试验研究

以低压旋转式喷头为研究对象,选择喷盘空间流道的结构参数:出口截面形状、流道偏转角、流道型线弧长、出口仰角作为试验因素,采用L₄³(9)的正交设计,测量了工作压力为250 kPa时,不同因素水平下各试验喷头的水量分布和流量,并利用线性插值法计算了单喷头的射程,选用Matlab软件模拟了正方形布置下喷头的组合均匀系数,分析了空间流道各结构参数值对喷头水力性能的影响规律.结果表明:低压喷头空间流道的出口截面为圆形和倒U形时,其喷洒均匀性优于出口截面为异形的喷头;空间流道结构参数的改变对流量基本无影响,波动范围在±0.1 m³/h.运用综合评分法分析得到各空间流道结构参数因素对组合均匀系数和射程的综合评价指标影响的主次顺序为流道偏转角、出口截面形状、出口仰角、流道型线弧长、最终得出低压旋转式喷头空间流道结构参数的最佳组合为出口截面圆形,流道偏转角4.5°,流道型线半径29 mm,出口仰角25°.     

林分密度对观赏型南方红豆杉幼树生长及形态可塑性的影响

通过调查测定福建明溪县不同密度观赏型南方红豆杉人工林幼树的生长指标和形态指标,研究其生长及形态学特征与林分密度的关系。结果表明,不同密度林分的幼树在冠长、冠幅、地径、枝下高、侧枝数量等树冠特征性状和圆满度、枝叶浓密度等观赏性状方面均存在显著差异,在树高及叶色间不存在显著差异。林分密度对生物量的分布格局有着显著影响,对不同器官生物量、生物量分配比等指标均有显著影响;单株不同器官生物量和叶枝干等器官生物量分配比,根生物量分配比和地上/地下生物量比均随林分密度增加而降低。林分密度对1级侧枝分枝角、1级侧枝数量、1级侧枝密度及平均长度有着显著影响,且随着林分密度增加而下降,幼树树冠对林分密度有着显著可塑性响应,表现出强烈的可塑性反应。     

河南省烟叶生产基础设施建设研究

分析了河南省烟田生产基础设施建设现状,对比2005~2015年生产基础设施两个五年规划的变化情况,剖析了河南省烟田基础设施建设项目资金来源及结构,最后根据目前生产基础设施建设项目的总体规划、资金渠道、项目管理三个方面存在的问题提出了相应的建议及改进措施。     

Lipid energy reserves influence life-history decision of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in fresh water

Abstract –  Lipid density appears to influence life-history decisions in salmonid fishes. This study shows that parr and smolts of anadromous Atlantic salmon from a south Norwegian river have on average between 30 and 40% higher energy level than corresponding brown trout in spring and summer, which may explain differences in life-history traits between the two species. The higher energy density of young salmon was chiefly due to a 1.8 times higher lipid density in parr and 2.4 times higher lipid density in smolts. The difference was smaller among immature parr in the autumn, with only 1.4 times higher lipid density in salmon than trout. The reason for the decreased difference was probably that the more energy rich salmon parr had attained maturity at the time. Among mature male parr, the somatic energy density was approximately 10% higher in trout than salmon. However, the gonadal energy content was more than twice as high in salmon than in trout. The higher somatic energy allocation in parr of Atlantic salmon probably influences protein growth of the two species in fresh water, and increases the ability of salmon relative to trout to undertake long distance feeding migrations and make large investments in reproduction.     

吉林省民营高等学校资源配置效率研究

民营高等学校是我国重要的人才培养渠道,自20世纪80年代以来,民营高等教育进入了飞速发展时期。吉林省民营高校经过多年的改革和探索已有了跨越式的发展,但如何使其从粗放型发展向内涵式发展转变,实现教育资源合理配置是关键。本文从调查研究吉林省民营高等学校资源配置的实际情况出发,采用数据包络分析方法（DEA）,评价民营高等学校资源配置效率问题,可以看出,吉林省民营高等院校在资源配置上依然存在着非效率的情况,本文据此提出相应建议。     

酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾免疫应答的增强作用

在饲料中添加定量的酵母免疫多糖,投喂注射接种了福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)菌苗的斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus),28 d后通过测定供试鱼的增重量、血清中凝集抗体效价、溶菌酶活性、谷丙转氨酶活性(SGPT)、血清总蛋白含量、白细胞吞噬活性以及活菌攻毒后的免疫保护率(RPS),探讨了酵母免疫多糖对受免斑点叉尾免疫应答的增强作用。结果表明,用添加200.0 mg/(kg.d)酵母免疫多糖的饲料投喂受免斑点叉尾,不仅可以使受免斑点叉尾对灭活嗜水气单胞菌的免疫应答水平提高,增强抵抗嗜水气单胞菌人工感染的能力,而且还具有一定的促进生长和改善肝功能的作用。     

Comparison of the swimming performance of farmed and wild gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata

Farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, frequently escape from the sea cages and interact with wild populations. The impact of these interactions on the wild populations will depend, in part, on differences in performance of the bream. This study compared the swimming performance of the wild and farmed fish in a current channel. The absolute critical swimming speed (U_crit) increased with increasing size while the relative U_crit decreased. Even at the same length there were noticeable performance differences between the individuals. The wild sea bream have significantly higher (P<0.05) absolute U_crit performance (0.86±0.01 m s⁻¹) than the farmed fish (0.79±0.01 m s⁻¹) and significantly higher (P<0.05) relative U_crit performance (4.52±0.05 BL s⁻¹) than the farmed fish (4.21±0.05 BL s⁻¹). The present study suggests that cultured sea bream may not have the ability to compete with wild sea bream in native seawaters.     

Immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts

The humoral immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) were determined after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts. Immunizations with live theronts or sonicated trophonts were carried out by both bath immersion and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Cutaneous and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and anti-Ich antibodies were measured 12 and 21 days post-immunization. The level of Ich infection and survival of catfish were determined after theront challenge. Cutaneous and serum anti-Ich antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection, or with sonicated trophonts administered by i.p. injection, than in fish immunized with sonicated trophonts by immersion, with bovine serum albumin by i.p. injection, or non-immunized controls. Host protection was noted only in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection or with sonicated trophonts by i.p. injection. There was a positive correlation between higher levels of anti-Ich antibodies and host survival in the immunized fish.     

Low-density silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) polyculture does not prevent cyanobacterial off-flavours in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) were co‐cultured with channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) in 0.4 ha earthen ponds to determine the impacts of carp grazing on pond phytoplankton communities and cyanobacterial off‐flavours in catfish. Carp were stocked at densities of 0, 75, or 250 fish ha^?1 in seven replicate ponds per treatment. The mean chlorophyll a concentrations (a measure of phytoplankton standing crop) steadily increased in all treatments from about 100 μg L^?1 in April to more than 400 μg L^?1 by mid‐October. Silver carp had no affect (P>0.1) on chlorophyll a concentrations across all sampling dates (April though October) or for sampling dates late in the growing season (August–October) when the prevalence of cyanobacterial off‐flavours among catfish populations is usually greatest. Silver carp did not eliminate odour‐producing cyanobacteria from pond phytoplankton communities: on sampling dates in September and October, three to six ponds in all treatments contained populations of the odour‐producing cyanobacteria Oscillatoria perornata, Anabaena spp., or both. Failure of silver carp to eliminate odour‐producing cyanobacteria resulted in a relatively high incidence in all treatments of ponds with off‐flavoured catfish. On sampling dates in September and October, catfish in three to five ponds in each treatment were tainted with either musty (2‐methylisoborneol) or earthy (geosmin) off‐flavours. The presence of silver carp had no obvious effect on off‐flavour intensity: on each sampling date, at least three ponds in each treatment contained catfish described as distinctly to extremely off‐flavored. Apparently, hypertrophic conditions in catfish ponds overwhelm the effect of silver carp grazing at the low carp densities used in this study.     

Action of Clathrodin and Analogues on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Clathrodin is a marine alkaloid and believed to be a modulator of voltage-gated sodium (Na_V ) channels. Since there is an urgent need for small molecule Na_V channel ligands as novel therapeutics, clathrodin could represent an interesting lead compound. Therefore, clathrodin was reinvestigated for its potency and Na_V channel subtype selectivity. Clathrodin and its synthetic analogues were subjected to screening on a broad range of Na_V channel isoforms, both in voltage clamp and patch clamp conditions. Even though clathrodin was not found to exert any activity, some analogues were capable of modulating the Na_V channels, hereby validating the pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole alkaloid structure as a core structure for future small molecule-based Na_V channel modulators.