AB-DTPA浸提法研究上海中心城区绿地土壤有效态养分特征

采用AB-DTPA浸提剂联合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法研究上海9个中心城区的509个绿地土壤的10种有效态养分含量。结果表明:上海中心城区绿地土壤有效态钾、钙、镁、锰和铁含量丰富;有效态磷、硫和钼普遍缺乏,部分土样有效磷、硫的含量超标与大量施用有机改良材料有关;有效态锌和铜均发生不同程度的累积,有些土样超标。不同时空的绿地土壤有效态养分含量与成土因素和人为活动有关。随着绿地建成年限延长,土壤有效锌和有效铜含量显著增加,但其他养分变化不显著。就上海不同区域而言,杨浦区、闸北区、浦东新区和徐汇区有效态养分含量相对较低;长宁区、静安区和黄浦区有效态养分含量较高;虹口区和杨浦区锌、铜累积程度高。公共绿地与公园土壤养分含量相当;道路绿地的有效态钾、硫、镁显著高于前两者,但有效态锌、铜和铁含量显著低于前两者。随着土壤剖面加深,土壤有效态硫、镁和钼含量呈增加趋势,而有效态磷、钾、锰、锌含量稍许降低。AB-DTPA浸提法适用于土壤中大部分有效态养分的快速分析,建议在全国推广应用。     

Monitoring of subaqueous depots with active barrier systems for contaminated dredged material using dialysis samplers and DGT probes

Background, Aims and Scope  Disposal of dredged material in subaqueous depots is increasingly considered an economic and ecologically sound option in managing contaminated dredged material. The concept of subaqueous disposals capped with active barrier systems has been developed to minimize this risk of contaminant release. As such a depot represents a permanent installation within a sensitive ecosystem, it requires a thorough monitoring concept. It is the goal of this work to develop such a concept regarding general considerations and results of laboratory and field investigations. Methods  In addition to the state-of-the-art techniques developed for other under-water constructions, this monitoring concept is developed with particular respect to the chemical isolation of the dredged material from the overlying water body. It comprises the use of seepage meters, dialysis samplers, and DGT gel probes for determining the migration of selected target solutes. The capability of the dialysis samplers is demonstrated by comparing field results with model calculations. The appropriateness of DGT probes to assess the impact of humic substances on trace metal speciation and on copper toxicity is demonstrated with the aid of laboratory experiments. Results and Discussion  The experimental results show that, by using dialysis samplers, the temporal changes in concentration-depth-profiles of heavy metals in the pore solution can be monitored. Additionally, the application of DGT probes facilitates the in situ detection of labile species of a metal in the presence of dissolved humic substances, which serves to reflect its toxicity. Conclusions. Three subsequent monitoring phases are distinguished on the basis of both general considerations and the findings from field results: A hydraulic phase that is characterized by compaction and pore water expulsion, a geochemical phase in which the demobilization of pollutants can occur due to substantial changes in the physico-chemical conditions (pH, EH), and a steady-state-phase where pore water flow and geochemical conditions are approaching their minimum. Recommendations and Outlook  The monitoring concept suggested here provides a versatile tool to assess the chemical isolation of subaqueous sediment depots and other contaminated sediment sites. This is of great importance as subaqueous disposal is increasingly considered a future management strategy as space for upland disposal is limited and treatment, in general, proves to be too costly.     

川中丘陵区坡地防护林侵蚀产沙特征的研究

以川中丘陵区坡地防护林林地降雨量、径流量、泥沙含量等因子测定为切入点,借助侵蚀产沙数学模型,系统分析了不同防护林类型的降雨侵蚀力与产沙、降雨强度与产沙、次降雨下产流与产沙、地表径流与产沙以及不同防护林类型产流产沙的关系,同时通过对比分析,阐述了防护林体系中不同类型的产沙侵蚀过程和水土流失规律,为川中丘陵区坡地防护林结构的调整、控制水土流失和提高防护功能具有指导作用。     

Composition and transformation of 1.4 nm minerals in cutan and matrix of alfisols in central China

Background, Aims, and Scope  Hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV) and vermiculite are commonly referred to as 1.4 nm minerals. In the subtropical soils of central China, the concentration of vermiculites decreased while that of HIVs increased gradually from north to south as the intensity of soil formation or eluviation increases in the same direction. The cutans in these soils closely interact with air, roots, microbes, water and dissolved ions in soils. Cutans may therefore be expected to exert an important influence on the formation of 1.4 nm minerals relative to the matrix soils. However, little is known about the transformation of 1.4 nm minerals in Alfisols in central China. Here, we investigate the compositional differences of 1.4 nm minerals in cutans and matrix soils, and the probable transformation of vermiculite to HIV or vice versa when sodium citrate and sodium acetate are added to matrix Alfisols. Methods  Cutans and matrix soils were separated from three soils in the northern subtropical zone in China. The samples were analyzed for Fe, Mn, exchangeable cations, organic matter(O.M.), pH, and clay minerals. To 10 mL of matrix soil, suspensions containing about 250 mg (oven-dry weight) of clay was added with 5 mL of 0.4 mol/dm³ or 2 mol/dm³ of sodium citrate or sodium acetate solution and 5 mL of 0.2 mol/dm³ mixed solutions of CaCl₂, Mg(NO₃)₂ and KCl. After its pH was adjusted to 6.0, the mixture was ‘incubated’ for 120 or 210 days (more than one season or half a year) during which period it was shaken for 1 hour every day. The clay mineral composition of the samples was determined after incubation. Results  Both vermiculites and HIVs were present in matrix soils, but only vermiculties were detected in cutans. The addition of organic ligands (citrate and acetate) promoted the transformation of HIV to vermiculite. This transformation was obvious for the matrix soils that had been incubated with 0.5 mol/dm³ sodium citrate for 210 days while sodium acetate was less effective in this regard. The promoting effect of organic ligands is dependent on type and concentration as well as incubation time. This would suggest the reverse transformation occurred in the formation of cutans compared with a vermiculite-to-HIV transformation in the subtropical soils of central China from north to south. Discussion  The position and environment of cutans in the B horizon together with the pH, organic matter and exchangeable base status in cutans seem conducive to the co-existence of vermiculite and HIV in the soils, but only vermiculite is found in cutans. The transformation of HIV to vermiculite in incubation experiments could be divided into two steps: 1) Cheluviation of organic matter to the interlayer hydroxy-aluminums from HIVs. 2) Rebasification of hydrated cations into the interlayers of vermiculites. Conclusions  The clay minerals in cutans can interact with organic ligands and nutrient elements excreted by roots. Under conditions of frequent wetting and drying and high pH, and when the concentrations of exchangeable bases, iron-manganese oxides, clays, and organic matter are high, the exchangeable cations can be incorporated into the interlayers of HIV, thereby promoting the partial transformation of HIV to vermiculite in rhizosphere soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  Cutan is at the interface of material and energy exchange involved in physical, chemical and biochemical reactions in the rhizosphere. These factors strongly affect the compositions of cutans. HIVs in (upper or adjacent) matrix soils may transform to vermiculites during cutan formation in these special soil environments. ESS-Submission Editor: Jizheng (Jim) He (jzhe@rcees.ac.cn)     

花棒带状沙障防风固沙试验研究

流沙地迎风坡上部及丘顶为风沙运动强烈区域,在其上种植花棒带作为植物沙障,可使地表粗糙度由0.014cm提高到0.642cm,地表起沙风速由8.8m/s提高到10.1m/s,可改变风沙流输沙率随高度的分布结构.实验测得0～20cm高度范围内风沙流输沙量较流沙地减少了80.2%,小气候及土壤等生态条件明显改善;在沙障带间栽植刺槐,成活率提高了58.4%,且生长情况良好.     

An analysis of formation conditions for DBD transported charges of multineedle-to-cylinder

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) can produce homogenous discharge in normal temperature and atomsphere with low energy consumption, so it has broad development prospects in industrial applications. An experimental study is carried out to optimize the needles arrangement and supply parameters aiming at the multineedle-to-cylinder reactor with orthogonal design in combination with Lissajous figures. As it is konwn, the process of discharge is also the process of charge transfer; hence, the more charges are transported, the higher reaction efficiency in plasma is. The orthogonal design is established with transported charges as the goal factor, and supply voltage, supply frequency, needles length(NL), interneedle rotation angles(INRA) as factors. Variance analysis results show that the largest influence factor is supply voltage, followed by supply frequency; the electrode configuration of NL=(3.5+2) mm and INRA=45° matched with f=21 kHz makes transported charges per cycle biggest. The orthogonal experiment results are verified by further experiments, which is significant to improve the DBD plasma reaction efficiency.     

绿色壁垒对我国农产品进出口的影响

介绍了绿色壁垒的主要内容和形式,阐述了绿色壁垒对我国农产品进出口的影响,提出了我国跨越绿色壁垒应采取的措施.     

环境贸易壁垒内涵、特点及其突破对策

在国际贸易领域中环境贸易壁垒已经成为最典型的、对发展中国家影响最大的一种新的贸易保护主义措施,各国纷纷以保护环境为名行贸易保护之实.本文阐述了环境贸易壁垒的主要内容和形式,分析了环境贸易壁垒的主要特点以及环境贸易壁垒对贸易的影响,提出了突破环境贸易壁垒的对策建议.     

日本检疫性贸易壁垒及我应对措施

通过对日本检疫性贸易壁垒的分析，我们应根据SPS协议的有关规定，采取必要措施，打破其检疫性贸易壁垒，促进我产品出口。     

中部六省知识创造能力的比较研究

在国家“促进中部地区崛起”的战略基础上,提出知识创造能力是区域经济发展的“推进器”,是实现中部崛起的关键。先是提出知识创造能力的指标框架,进而对中部六省的知识创造能力进行了对比分析,并就各省存在的问题,提出提升知识创造能力的对策和建议。