上海市金山区节约型园林建设技术

文章介绍了上海市金山区近年来采用的园林树枝循环利用技术、立体绿化建设、植物配置优化、拓展绿化用水来源,以及生态型铺装建设等节约型绿化措施,以期为有效推进节约型园林建设技术发展与应用提供借鉴。       

New approach to border line evaluations for whole sample of Williams pear (Pyrus communis)

In many processes of heat exchange, as well as in other processes of biomaterial handling, physical properties of fruit such as dimensions, shape, surface area and volume are of crucial importance. The objective of this work was to find a function which approximates pear border line, as precisely as possible, in order to calculate the surface area and volume of a pear by means of integral calculus. Previously described estimation of an average pear border line was based on the sixth order polynomial and proposed algorithm. Two new ways to calculate the Williams pear border line are the focus of this study. The first way includes spline functions as an estimation of a pear border line (i.e. four third order polynomials), while the second one uses regression function obtained by nonlinear regression method. The regression function has two independent variables, length and total length of a pear. The most precise approximation of a pear border line was obtained by nonlinear regression with R² = 97.48. This was more obvious when total pear length was smaller or greater than average total pear length. Border lines of all tested pears were determined by one regression function with large precision. Therefore, it is safe to calculate surface area and volume of a pear based on regression function and total pear length, only. Calculated volumes of the pears were compared with volumes measured by Archimedes’ method. The smallest relative error has been obtained when the volumes were calculated using the regression function as approximation of pear border line.     

基于尺度噪声水平估计的双树复数小波变换图像去噪方法

利用噪声与图像双树复数小波变换各层系数的关系,提出基于尺度噪声水平估计的双树复数小波变换图像去噪方法并进行了试验.结果表明,该估计方法与图像噪声水平近似线性相关,能很好地反映各层系数的噪声水平.双变量收缩函数阈值去噪法采用该估计比采用全局噪声水平估计去噪效果更好,平均结构相似度明显提高.     

实际地形下地表太阳总辐射的简化算法及应用

为快速准确估算实际地形下地表太阳总辐射,针对辐射观测资料不足现状,通过考虑天文、大气和地理地形等因子对地表太阳总辐射的影响,构建了融合起伏地形天文辐射模型、地表太阳总辐射气候学公式和日照百分率优化插值方案的太阳总辐射简化算法。并以安徽省为例,对简化算法实施参数化和应用,采用2个辐射站观测资料统计回归得到气候学公式参数,参数化后的公式计算相对误差为7.65%。利用80个站点的日照百分率数据分析了不同插值方法适用性,逐点交叉检验结果表明,薄盘样条法对安徽省日照百分率具有更好的插值效果。基于简化算法计算得到实际地形下安徽省地表太阳总辐射平均为4500MJ·m~(-2)·a~(-1),总体呈北部高、南部低,山区南坡高、北坡低的分布特征,部分开阔南坡的太阳辐射超过同纬度水平地面。季节特征上地形对太阳辐射的影响随月份而异,在冬半年影响幅度更为明显,夏半年地形影响相对较弱,并多以削减为主。安徽省太阳能资源以3级为主,大别山和皖南山区的北坡多为4级,而在皖北低山丘陵的南坡存在零星的2级资源区。近年来由于日照百分率的下降,导致全省地表太阳总辐射普遍减少。     

Thin-Plate Spline Analysis of Diversity in Field Populations of Codling Moth,Cydia pomonella L. （Lep., Tortricidae） in North West of Iran

In order to study morphological diversity of codling moth, Cydia pomonella （L.） using thin-plate spline analysis, nine geographical populations from four north western provinces of Iran namely East Azarbayjan, West Azarbayjan, Ardebil and Zandjan were collected during 2003 and 2004. 575 and 564 images were prepared from fore and hind wings, respectively. Then 15 and 11 landmarks were determined from fore and hind wings, respectively. With transforming of landmark＇s two dimensional coordinate data into partial warp scores, 26 and 18 scores were generated for fore and hind wings, respectively. Cluster analysis based on wing shape variables using Ward＇s algorithm assigned nine geographical populations into two groups. The pattern of grouping based on fore and hind wings was different in both sexes. Principal component analysis revealed discrimination between geographic populations and confirmed the result of cluster analysis. Among environmental parameters, wind speed showed the highest correlation with wing shape variables. Non significant correlation was observed between geographic and morphological distance matrices as revealed by Mantel test.     

Detection of cows with insemination problems using selected classification models

In the present study, the detection of cows with artificial insemination (AI) difficulties using selected statistical and machine learning methods is presented. Cows were divided into two classes: those that conceived after one or two services (“GOOD”) and those that required more than two services per conception (“POOR”). The best performance was exhibited by one of the artificial neural networks (ANN) and the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) method (AIC, BIC, RMS and accuracy); whereas logistic regression (LR) and classification functions (CF) were of somewhat lower quality. The detection of cows with AI difficulties, performed on the basis of the test set comprising new instances, showed that the ANN and MARS were more precise in comparison with the statistical methods. Sensitivity and specificity were over 85% for the perceptron with two hidden layers (MLP2) and MARS and approximately 80% or lower for LR and CF. From among variables determining the AI category, the average calving interval and cow body condition index were the most important. Other significant variables were lactation number, pregnancy length, sex of calf from previous calving and cow age. The prognoses obtained using ANN and MARS can be used for the appropriate preparation of cows for AI.     

珠江三角洲Copula径流模型及西水东调缺水风险分析

基于两变量Copula函数模拟、变点识别和均值平移时序重构方法,构建珠江三角洲西水东调工程受水区东江和水源区西江的枯水径流联合分布模型。以生态环境流量及最小流量管理目标为设计阈值,研究区域联合缺水风险特征及对变化环境的响应。结果表明：Archimedean copula的Clayton、Frank和GH模型,均能较好地模拟两区域枯水径流联合分布特征。变化环境下特别是流域内水利工程径流调节作用,东江枯水径流时序非一致性显著,均值跳跃明显,变点时间为1972年,最枯月径流量增加了65.5%。若要满足最小下泄流量管理目标,东江缺水风险率较高,为37.7%。与东江天然径流（还原系列）相比,在东江流域内水利工程影响下（还现系列）,东、西江同时缺水风险率由35.8%下降到16.7%。但由于2江枯水径流的正相关性,西江有水可调保证率也由54.8%下降到21.0%。在已知东江缺水情形下,西江有水可调保证率（55.8%）仅略高于西江缺水风险率（44.2%）。因此,珠江三角洲西水东调工程运行,需要科学设计更为精细的水资源调度规则。     

温室无线传感器网络系统实时数据融合算法

针对温室无线传感器网络(WSN)系统的数据融合要求,提出一种多传感器实时数据融合算法。首先在节点上对各传感器数据序列进行一致性检测和三次指数平滑,然后将平滑后的数据发送到路由器或网关,基于文中提出的无需指数运算的新型支持度函数进行幂均方融合。在江苏农博园现代农业馆玻璃温室中进行了实地试验测试,结果表明:三次指数平滑能够明显减少数据波动;新型支持度函数的幂均方融合精度与高斯型支持度函数相比无显著差异,算法运算时间缩短83.6%,并且融合效果优于算术平均法。     

低山茶园土壤的氮素空间变异与其颗粒组成的关系

研究低山茶园土壤氮素的空间变异及其与土壤颗粒组成的关系,对提高茶园氮肥利用率,降低氮素损失及茶园土壤管理具有重要意义。结合运用经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析蒙顶山茶园土壤的氮素空间变异与其土壤颗粒组成的相关性。结果表明:①土壤全氮及碱解氮含量具有中等的空间相关性,C0/(C0+C)分别为35·5%和28·5%,自相关距离分别达到了843和1149m,结构性因子是其空间变异的主要影响因子。二者的空间变异方向并不完全相同,但都在东南方向有明显的空间变异,在东北方向的变异较小。②Kriging插值分析说明,土壤全氮和碱解氮均在东北至西南方向呈明显的带状分布,在垂直方向均随海拔高度的升高而增大。③土壤全氮和碱解氮含量与<0·0001mm土壤颗粒呈极显著负相关,与0·0001~0·0005mm粒径土壤颗粒相关不显著,与0·0005~0·01mm粒径土壤颗粒呈显著或极显著正相关。     

浙江省毛竹直径与年龄的二元Weibull分布模型

利用2004年复查的浙江省森林资源连续清查体系4250个固定样地中的245个毛竹纯林样地数据,用具有严格概率模型性质的二元Weibull分布模型描述浙江省毛竹直径与年龄的二维结构,并讨论二元Weibull分布模型的生成函数,给出几个不同形式的表达式,指出模型良好的概率模型性质。一元Weibull分布模型的直径、年龄模型分别是二元模型的边际分布,而且用边际分布求得的参数与用联合分布求得的参数也很接近。本研究是省级地域的毛竹宏观模型,该模型也可尝试应用到林分水平,以及其他类型森林。