Land Use – Land Cover Conversion, Regeneration and Degradation in the High Elevation Bolivian Andes

Regional land-cover change affects biodiversity, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycles at local, watershed, and landscape scales. Developing countries are experiencing rapid land cover change, but assessment is often restricted by limited financial resources, accessibility, and historical data. The assessment of regional land cover patterns is often the first step in developing conservation and management plans. This study used remotely sensed land cover and topographic data (Landsat and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), supervised classification techniques, and spectral mixture analysis to characterize current landscape patterns and quantify land cover change from 1985 to 2003 in the Altiplano (2535–4671 m) and Intermediate Valley (Mountain) (1491–4623 m) physiographic zones in the Southeastern Bolivian Andes. Current land cover was mapped into six classes with an overall accuracy of 88% using traditional classification techniques and limited field data. The land cover change analysis showed that extensive deforestation, desertification, and agricultural expansion at a regional scale occurred in the last 20 years (17.3% of the Mountain Zone and 7.2% of the Altiplano). Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) indicated that communal rangeland degradation has also occurred, with increases in soil and non-photosynthetic vegetation fractions in most cover classes. SMA also identified local areas with intensive management activities that are changing differently from the overall region (e.g., localized areas of increased green vegetation). This indicates that actions of local communities, governments, and environmental managers can moderate the potentially severe future changes implied by the results of this study.     

Extinction risk of wood-living model species in forest landscapes as related to forest history and conservation strategy

Dead wood is a critical resource for biodiversity in boreal forests. We analysed the persistence of five model species inhabiting dead wood. By parameterising a metapopulation model (the incidence function model), the model species were all assigned characteristics that makes it likely that they have disappeared from some (20%) forest landscapes with a long history of forest management. In the metapopulation model, a forest stand (5 ha) was regarded as a habitat patch. The amount of habitat in each patch was obtained from models of dead wood dynamics of Norway spruce in central Sweden. Dead wood generated by altered management over the entire landscape was found to be less efficient in reducing extinction risks in comparison to the same amount of dead wood generated by protecting reserves. Because generation of dead wood by altered management is often less expensive than setting aside reserves, it is difficult to determine which conservation measure is most cost-efficient. In a landscape subjected to forestry for the first time, it was better to preserve a few large reserves than many small ones. However, in a managed, highly fragmented forest landscape it was better to set aside many small reserves. The reason for this was that small plots with high habitat quality could be selected, while large reserves originally contained habitats both of high and low quality, and the rate of habitat quality increase was low. A strategy for biodiversity conservation in a managed forest landscape should include information about the history of the landscape, the current amount and spatial distribution of forest habitats, and the potential for rapid restoration of forest habitats, both on managed and unmanaged forest land.     

番茄环斑病毒悬钩子分离物复制酶基因的克隆及序列分析

番茄环斑病毒(ToRSV)是一种高风险的检疫性有害生物,可侵染桃、李、葡萄、苹果、樱桃等多种植物。2000—2001年,我国从法国进口的葡萄插条上检出过此病毒。以ToRSV悬钩子分离物(Rasp-2)总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR方法扩增病毒复制酶基因(RdRp)的cDNA片断并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上。序列测定结果表明,Rasp-2RdRp基因由2133个核苷酸组成,编码711个氨基酸;Rasp-2半胱氨酸蛋白酶和RdRp之间的蛋白酶切割位点为Q/V。Rasp-2与其他分离物及株系RdRp基因的核苷酸序列同源性为79%～84%,氨基酸序列同源性为89%～94%。聚类分析结果显示,葡萄黄脉株系(GYV)与其他分离物及株系关系最远,Rasp-2与其他分离物及株系亲缘关系较近。证实Rasp-2与另外2个悬钩子分离物Rasp和Rasp-1的核苷酸序列存在明显变异。     

百合LfMADS基因植物表达载体的构建及其功能分析

 为了分析百合LfMADS1和LfMADS3基因的功能，分别将其正、反义基因插入到植物组成型双元载体pBin438中，并通过根癌农杆菌LBA4404介导转化烟草。PCR和PCR-Southern杂交结果均证明外源基因已经插入到烟草基因组中。转LfMASD1反义基因植株中1朵花的雄蕊极短、花药缺失；转LfMASD1正义基因植株中发现1个花萼变瓣的突变体。在转LfMASD3反义基因植株中发现1个植株的苞叶部分瓣化，花柄变短，另外1个植株上发现1朵花缺失1枚雄蕊；而转LfMASD3正义基因植株中没有发现变异。作者认为LfMASD1是百合花器官发育的B功能基因，LfMASD3是百合花器官发育的SEP基因，这些基因在烟草中的表现说明百合的花器官特性基因的表达模式与模式植物有所不同。     

不同品种厚皮甜瓜果实成熟过程中挥发性物质成分分析

采用固相微萃取(SPME)与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用的方法,对品质差异较大的山农黄金1号、Sweet delight(美国)和Takami(日本)厚皮甜瓜果实成熟过程中挥发性物质进行分析鉴定。结果表明,不同品种厚皮甜瓜果实成熟过程中挥发性物质组成和相对含量不同。山农黄金1号、Sweet delight和Takami果实成熟过程中共分离出156种挥发性物质,主要为酯类、醛类和醇类等化合物。山农黄金1号甜瓜果实未成熟时挥发性物质以醛类物质为主;随着果实的发育,近成熟时醇类、醛类物质含量急剧降低,酯类物质含量迅速升高;果实成熟时挥发性物质以酯类物质为主。Sweet delight果实未成熟时挥发性物质以醛类、醇类物质为主;随着果实的发育,醇类物质含量逐渐降低,醛类、酯类物质含量逐渐升高;果实成熟时挥发性物质以醛类物质为主。Takami果实未成熟时挥发性物质以醇类、醛类物质为主;果实成熟时挥发性物质以酯类、醛类物质为主。     

色素万寿菊品比试验与相关分析

在露地栽培了9个品种的色素万寿菊,调查其株高、茎粗、株幅、花径、产量等指标,并对这些性状进行相关分析,结果表明:Ⅲ号品种的产量最高,各项形态指标优良,适合露地种植;Ⅰ和Ⅵ号产量虽次于Ⅲ号品种,其它形态指标与Ⅲ号品种相差不多;Ⅸ和Ⅷ号品种产量最低,其余品种表现介于Ⅵ和Ⅸ号之间;小区产量与株高、花径、平均花瓣层数呈极显著正相关,与株幅、单株花数呈显著相关.     

番茄品系红熟果实的耐贮性与品质的通径分析

对11个番茄品系红熟果实在2因子4处理条件下贮藏21 d的变质率与采收时的果实品质性状进行通径分析,结果表明:变质率与果实采收时的营养成分的干物质、水分、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比有关,其中果实干物质含量是果实变质率最重要的影响因子,其效应是由直接作用引起的.     

Fisher大间距线性分类器

作为一种著名的特征抽取方法,Fisher线性鉴别分析的基本思想是选择使得Fisher准则函数达到最大值的向量(称为最优鉴别向量)作为最优投影方向,以便使得高维输入空间中的模式样本在该向量投影后,在类间散度达到最大的同时,类内散度最小。大间距线性分类器是寻找一个最优投影矢量(最优分隔超平面的法向量),它可使得投影后的两类样本之间的分类间距(Margin)最大。为了获得更佳的识别效果,结合Fisher线性鉴别分析和大间距分类器的优点,提出了一种新的线性投影分类算法——Fisher大间距线性分类器。该分类器的主要思想就是寻找最优投影矢量wbest(最优超平面的法向量),使得高维输入空间中的样本模式在wbest上投影后,在使类间间距达到最大的同时,使类内离散度尽可能地小。并从理论上讨论了与其他线性分类器的联系。在ORL人脸库和FERET人脸数据库上的实验结果表明,该线性投影分类算法的识别率优于其他分类器。     

应用灰色系统理论综合评价萝卜新组合

用灰色系统理论中关联度分析的基本原理和方法,对15个萝卜杂交组合10个主要农艺性状进行了综合描述,较为全面、客观地评价了参试组合的优劣.结果表明：在等权关联度排序和加权关联度排序相比的结果来看,加权关联度排序更能反映品种的多个农艺性状的实际表现;X12,X13,X14和X5加权关联度排序上均居于首要位置,农艺性状表现突出.