新型快速秸秆还田促腐菌剂对小麦秸秆还田在水稻田的施用剂量评价

为了探讨新型快速秸秆还田促腐菌剂对小麦秸秆还田在水稻田的施用剂量和促生效果,进行了相关的大田试验。本试验在常规施肥和小麦秸秆粉碎还田的基础上设置了M1(CK),M2 (30 kg/hm²),M3 (75 kg/hm²)和M4 (120 kg/hm²)4个梯度的促腐菌剂施用剂量,研究了不同施用剂量对水稻成产因素以及水稻产量的影响。研究表明,施用新型快速秸秆还田促腐菌剂不仅可以促进秸秆降解,且对每公顷水稻的穗数、穗粒数及产量影响显著。与对照组M1相比,M3 (75 kg/hm²)组促产效果最好,其中每公顷穗数为466.35万穗,比对照提高了16.09%;穗粒数为86.03比对照提高了12.12%。在实际产量方面M3组为7510.35 kg/hm²,比对照提高了12.94%。土壤理化性质表明,促腐菌剂显著提高了土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量,与对照组相比分别提高了93.33%、18.13%和46.93%。该试验评价了施用不同剂量新型快速秸秆还田促腐菌剂对小麦秸秆在水稻田降解及水稻产量的影响,为新型快速秸秆还田促腐菌剂的研发奠定了理论基础。     

大田条件下模拟UV-B辐射滤减对水稻生长及内源激素含量的影响

对大田栽培条件下人工模拟的UV-B辐射滤减环境对晚稻品种“协优432”的叶绿素含量、株高、内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)、玉米素(Zeatin)含量的影响研究结果表明,在正常日光处理组与UV-A滤光组之间叶绿素a含量变化显著;正常日光处理组与UV-A滤光组、UV-A UV-B滤光组之间株高无明显变化。UV-A UV-B滤光组IAA、GA3、Zeatin含量分别比正常日光处理组降低了40.42%、48.60%、36.21%;分别比UV-A滤光处理组降低了36.52%、70.94%、54.54%。单因素方差分析及多重比较结果显示,UV-A UV-B滤光组与正常日光处理组之间IAA、GA3含量差异显著;UV-A UV-B滤光组与UV-A滤光处理组之间GA3、Zeatin含量差异显著。UV-A UV-B滤光组ABA含量比正常日光处理组降低了29.74%,比UV-A滤光处理组降低了5.19%,经单因素方差分析后发现差异不显著。     

我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究

试验研究证明农田生态系统产生生态服务价值,并在此基础上估算出我国农田生态系统因自然生态过程和人类种植业活动过程共同作用,为人类年提供19509.1亿元生态服务和经济产品总价值,其中41.9%是由农田生态系统自然过程提供和产生的,58.1%是由人类种植业活动过程产生的。目前我国统计系统计量的年度种植业总价值中仅计量了人类种植业活动过程产生的经济价值和部分由自然生态过程产生的生态服务价值,得到计量和反映的仅为64.7%,未计量的生态服务价值为35.3%,年达6881.06亿元。由于粮食生产过程中伴随产生的生态服务属公共服务范畴,国家应为粮食生产提供公共财政补贴的额度高限可达5140元/hm2·浕。     

Water erosion assessment using farmers' indicators in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

The contribution of local knowledge to ecological sciences has not been fully exploited: there is still a gap between the recognition of farmers' knowledge as valid and an effective use of such knowledge in activities aimed at sustainable development. This study explores the use of farmers' indicators of erosion for developing a rapid tool for water erosion assessment at field level in the West Usambara Mountains (Tanzania). Two extensive field surveys were conducted in the research area concurrently. One survey consisted of applying an established erosion assessment method, the Assessment of Current Erosion Damage (ACED). According to the erosion features observed, fields were classified into five erosion classes, from very slightly eroded to very severely eroded. The second survey consisted of recording the type and number of indicators of erosion listed by farmers and present in the fields. The number of farmers' indicators per field increased with erosion intensity, from less than four in slightly eroded fields to more than eight in severely eroded fields. All farmers' indicators were positively correlated to the ACED erosion assessment classes. However, two groups of farmers' indicators could be distinguished in terms of erosion assessment: strong indicators, which were observed in more than 70% of cases in severely eroded fields, and weak indicators, which were observed more frequently in slightly and moderately eroded fields. Weak indicators appeared to be indicative of other land degradation phenomena, such as chemical fertility decline. Strong indicators and number of indicators were used to create a field erosion assessment tool in the form of a classification tree. The tree was built using one half of the field survey data and validated using the other half. The tree consisted of a hierarchical sequence of questions. Presence of rills and number of farmers' indicators were the most important factors of the tree. The validation yielded a highly significant Spearman's rho correlation coefficient (0.81). The contingency table showed that more than 80% of very severely eroded fields were correctly classified, whereas most misclassification occurred among slightly and moderately eroded fields. Farmers include land degradation phenomena and soil fertility decline in their definition of soil erosion. Soil and water conservation planning should address this broader farmers' perception by including, e.g., soil fertility improvements beside soil conservation. The distinction between strong and weak indicators of erosion is important in recommending the right intervention in the right spot, e.g., by counteracting soil erosion where strong indicators are present and by improving chemical fertility where weak indicators are present. The classification tree is of empirical nature and may need adaptation before being applied to other areas. The proposed methodology can be easily replicated and showed a high potential to provide extensionists with a field tool for erosion assessment. The classification tree was a successful example of integrating different types of knowledge for enhancing the co-operation between stakeholders involved in the erosion-control activities.     

草纤维膜与塑料地膜覆盖农田的生态效应比较

根据多年定位试验资料，讨论了一种新型的农田覆盖材料──草纤维膜，覆盖农田对土壤理化性质、土壤温度、土壤水分状况以及作物生长发育的影响，并与塑料地膜覆盖农田的生态效应进行了比较。结果表明，草纤维膜与塑料地膜覆盖具有改善土壤结构，增强作物对土壤肥料的有效利用，改善作物生长的土壤温度状况，减少土壤无效蒸发和提高水分利用效率的作用。与塑料地膜相比，草纤维膜覆盖没有污染土壤的副效应，因此是解决我国北方旱农地区“旱”与“薄”问题的有效方法。     

黑龙江省农田土壤蓄水量盈亏值时空变化规律研究

利用黑龙江省33个站点近20年的农田土壤水分田间实测资料，分析得出黑龙江省农田土壤蓄水量盈亏值的时空变化规律：整个生长季全省0～50cm各层土壤蓄水量盈亏状况总体呈现东盈西亏规律。春、秋季东部盈余较大，最大盈余与亏缺之差值较大；夏季不仅呈现东盈西亏规律，且亏缺区域面积增大，程度加重，最大盈余与亏缺之差值缩小。土壤深墒相对稳定。土壤蓄水量盈亏值的垂直变化依据土壤质地的不同而呈现不同规律。     

Size, symbiotic effectiveness and genetic diversity of field pea rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) populations in South Australian soils

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is widely grown in South Australia (SA), often without inoculation with commercial rhizobia. To establish if symbiotic factors are limiting the growth of field pea we examined the size, symbiotic effectiveness and diversity of populations of field pea rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) that have become naturalised in South Australian soils and nodulate many pea crops. Most probable number plant infection tests on 33 soils showed that R. l. bv. viciae populations ranged from undetectable (six soils) to 32×10³ rhizobia g⁻¹ of dry soil. Twenty-four of the 33 soils contained more than 100 rhizobia g⁻¹ soil. Three of the six soils in which no R. l. bv. viciae were detected had not grown a host legume (field pea, faba bean, vetch or lentil). For soils that had grown a host legume, there was no correlation between the size of R. l. bv. viciae populations and either the time since a host legume had been grown or any measured soil factor (pH, inorganic N and organic C). In glasshouse experiments, inoculation of the field pea cultivar Parafield with the commercial Rhizobium strain SU303 resulted in a highly effective symbiosis. The SU303 treatment produced as much shoot dry weight as the mineral N treatment and more than 2.9 times the shoot dry weight of the uninoculated treatment. Twenty-two of the 33 naturalised populations of rhizobia (applied to pea plants as soil suspensions) produced prompt and abundant nodulation. These symbioses were generally effective at N₂ fixation, with shoot dry weight ranging from 98% (soil 21) down to 61% (soil 30) of the SU303 treatment, the least effective population of rhizobia still producing nearly double the growth of the uninoculated treatment. Low shoot dry weights resulting from most of the remaining soil treatments were associated with delayed or erratic nodulation caused by low numbers of rhizobia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting of 70 rhizobial isolates recovered from five of the 33 soils (14 isolates from each soil) showed that naturalised populations were composed of multiple (5-9) strain types. There was little evidence of strain dominance, with a single strain type occupying more than 30% of trap host nodules in only two of the five populations. Cluster analysis of RAPD PCR banding patterns showed that strain types in naturalised populations were not closely related to the current commercial inoculant strain for field pea (SU303, ≥75% dissimilarity), six previous field pea inoculant strains (≥55% dissimilarity) or a former commercial inoculant strain for faba bean (WSM1274, ≥66% dissimilarity). Two of the most closely related strain types (≤15% dissimilarity) were found at widely separate locations in SA and may have potential as commercial inoculant strains. Given the size and diversity of the naturalised pea rhizobia populations in SA soils and their relative effectiveness, it is unlikely that inoculation with a commercial strain of rhizobia will improve N₂ fixation in field pea crops, unless the number of rhizobia in the soil is very low or absent (e.g. where a legume host has not been previously grown and for three soils from western Eyre Peninsula). The general effectiveness of the pea rhizobia populations also indicates that reduced N₂ fixation is unlikely to be the major cause of the declining field pea yields observed in recent times.     

Does land irrigation actually reduce foraging habitat for breeding lesser kestrels? The role of crop types

The lesser kestrel is a Globally Threatened Species which large decline has been related to recent agricultural changes in European pseudo-steppes. Irrigation is considered as one of the major threats for this and other steppe birds, but the actual effects of irrigation on foraging habitat selection have been scarcely examined. We studied the selection of traditional dry cereal farming and irrigated habitats by foraging lesser kestrels during the breeding cycle, paying especial attention to possible differences among crop types. Field margins were the scarcest but the most positively selected habitat, and different stages of cereals cultivated following traditional practices were selected depending on the breeding and agriculture cycles. Effects of irrigation were dual. While irrigated maize and other crop types were avoided, alfalfa was used in proportion to its availability and later highly selected after harvesting. Moreover, field margins in irrigated land were selected in a similar way than in traditional dry farmland. Therefore, although maintaining low-intensity farming is still the main recommendation for this species, new management options arise when social pressure makes irrigation unavoidable. Further agri-environmental schemes in these circumstances should thus promote cultivation of alfalfa with a low input of biocides while avoiding maize, together with increasing field margins, to make compatible irrigation with lesser kestrel conservation.     

Assessing habitat quality for butterflies on intensively managed arable farmland

The conservation and management of biodiversity requires accurate, repeatable and cost-effective monitoring techniques. In this study, a simple and rapid methodology was employed to measure the quality of different habitats for butterfly species on 10 arable farms in lowland Britain. This habitat monitoring was seven times more rapid than the traditional species-based butterfly monitoring. Data on butterfly abundance were combined with the information gathered on habitat quality at five of the farms using stepwise regression. These models had a consistently high degree of explanatory power for the summary variables of total butterfly abundance and species richness, and the functional groupings of mobile and immobile species. There was good agreement between observed and predicted estimates of species richness and abundance when the models were validated on a further five independent sites. Models to predict the abundance of 11 common butterfly species were also produced. These varied considerably in their predictive power and validity between species. The results clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of targeted habitat creation for butterflies which is promoted under the Agri-environment Schemes, especially the recently introduced pollen and nectar seed mixtures (WM2) available under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme. The models confirmed the importance of shelter, floristically diverse field margins and the availability of nectar resources from legume species in explaining the abundance of immobile butterfly species in arable landscapes. These sources of nectar and the presence of larval host plants in the crucifer family were important factors in explaining the abundance of mobile species. The results are discussed in terms of the potential of this approach for: (i) assessing habitat quality for butterflies in intensively managed landscapes; (ii) enhancing the value of butterfly monitoring schemes in explaining changes in butterfly abundance at the site and national scale; and (iii) informing habitat management and restoration guidelines for butterfly conservation on arable farmland.