Genetic Variation of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) Germplasm in Western Canada

Information on genetic diversity and genetic relationships among genotypes of Brassica carinata is currently limited. The objectives of this study were to evaluate patterns and levels of genetic diversity in B. carinata based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) as compared with Brassica juncea and Brassica nigra, and to evaluate agronomic and seed quality data for plants grown in the field in western Canada. A total of 296 AFLP bands were generated from four primer pair combinations and scored for presence/absence in 66, 20 and 7 accessions of B. carinata, B. juncea and B. nigra, respectively. B. carinata was less genetically diverse than the other two species. Differences in diversity were evident in the proportion of polymorphic loci within each species: 23, 35 and 50% for B. carinata, B. nigra and B. juncea, respectively. Pair-wise similarity measures based on the Jaccard coefficient were highest among accessions of B. carinata and showed the narrowest range: 0.911 (0.810–0.981) compared to B. nigra: 0.569 (0.438–0.660) and B. juncea: 0.715 (0.345–0.951). AFLP-based genetic distance information can be used by plant breeders to select diverse genotypes. AFLPs are also useful for fingerprinting cultivars and two primer pair combinations were sufficient to uniquely identify all the accessions of B. carinata. More variation among accessions was identified in the agronomic trial than had previously been described in studies of B. carinata in western Canada, but the data were too limited to draw conclusions regarding specific accessions. Overall, the findings were in agreement with other published work describing the favourable agronomic potential of this species.     

花生等农作物耐湿涝性研究进展

湿涝危害是世界湿润地区、半干旱地区农作物生产中的一个严重问题.一些农作物的湿涝研究已取得一定进展,但有关花生湿涝的研究有待拓宽和深化.为此,从湿涝对花生等作物的影响、作物耐湿涝机制以及作物耐湿涝的遗传改良等方面,综述了世界花生及其它农作物的耐湿涝性研究进展.     

桂北茶区蜘蛛种类调查和种群动态研究

对广西桂林茶叶科学研究所茶园主要害虫天敌蜘蛛进行了系统调查。结果表明,在茶园中获得蜘蛛标本687个,蜘蛛34种,隶属2亚目14科27属,其中广西新记录种绥宁獾蛛1种;蜘蛛是茶园害虫的重要的留守式天敌类群,具有分布广、数量大、持续时间长、捕食力与抗逆性强等特点,对假眼小绿叶蝉成、若虫和茶尺蠖低龄幼虫等有较强的捕食作用;茶园蜘蛛种群在每年6月中旬后明显增大,高峰期在7~8月。     

5种药剂对椰子坚蚜的室内毒力及田间药效研究

[目的]筛选槟榔椰子坚蚜高效安全的防治药剂.[方法]通过室内毒力测定及田间药效试验研究5种药剂对椰子坚蚜的防治效果.[结果]5种药剂中,10％顺式氯氰菊酯、22％氟啶虫胺腈和10％吡虫啉对椰子坚蚜的室内毒力较高,LC50分别为15.28、30.00和30.23 mg/L;10％顺式氯氰菊酯、22％氟啶虫胺腈和10％吡虫啉各浓度施药后10 d防治效果均达到90％以上,22％氟啶虫胺腈施药后5d的防效均达到100％.[结论]防治椰子坚蚜时首选10％顺式氯氰菊酯,其次是22％氟啶虫胺腈和10％吡虫啉,但应急防治时选用22％氟啶虫胺腈和10％吡虫啉效果更明显.     

小檗碱复方对桃褐腐病的田间防效和安全性评价

[目的]探讨小檗碱复方对桃褐腐病的田间防治效果及安全性.[方法]根据杀菌剂作用机制选择β-微管蛋白抑制剂多菌灵、甾醇脱甲基化抑制剂腈苯唑和苯醌外部抑制剂(QoIs)嘧菌酯作为阳性对照,研究了10％小檗碱可湿性粉剂不同稀释倍数(5000、4 000、3 000、1 500、800倍)对桃褐腐病的防治效果及安全性.[结果]10％小檗碱可湿性粉剂4 000倍稀释液防治效果与对照药剂无显著差异,防治效果达70％以上;10％小檗碱可湿性粉剂剂量范围内对桃树安全.[结论]为小蘖碱在作物病害防治上的推广应用提供了参考.     

湘杂二号在春油菜区制种技术

本文介绍了甘蓝型中熟双低油菜杂交种湘杂二号,在青海省的高产制种栽培技术方法,以及制种地的选择,隔离区的处理,田间管理等一系列科学的技术方法。     

免耕抛秧田一次性化学除草效果试验

本文介绍了应用25%丁苄细粒剂、10%苄黄隆可湿性粉剂加50%丁草胺与尿素混合撒施对晚造免耕抛秧田杂草的防治效果、安全性和增产作用。试验结果表明:在水稻抛栽后5d施丁苄80g、120g以及在抛栽后7d施苄黄隆15g加丁草胺150g对晚造免耕抛秧田的主要杂草如稗草、矮慈姑、鸭舌草、异型莎草和节节菜等均有显著的防效,其总体防治效果可分别达到82.26%、91.13%和93.35%,且对水稻生长无不良影响,保产作用明显。     

棉花黄萎病菌在土壤—植株微生态系中的分布

在土壤垂直分布中,棉花黄萎病菌主要分布于0~40cm耕作层中,占总菌量的90%多,而40cm以下土层中仅占总菌量的10%;在土壤水平分布中,棉花黄萎病菌随病害的加重,由聚积分布型转变为均匀分布型。在病株中,病菌分布也不均,叶脉>主茎>果枝。     

新型竹编水泥沼气池力学性能的测试与理论研究

分析了目前在滇南一带开发推广的新型竹编水泥沼气池结构特点，并从实地测试和实验室测试、理论模型的角度，讨论了此类沼气他的结构性能，特别在理论模型研究中，分别针对二维、三维几何模型进行了计算机数值仿真，得到了一些和实地测试一致的结果。实验研究及理论分析说明此类竹编水泥沼气池在力学结构上是合理的，在承受荷载上具有足够大的安全系数，同时也指出了竹编水泥沼气池在实际建造过程中，应该重视的一些技术环节，对于进一步在农村推广应用具有重要的现实意义。     

Influence of Soil Drought on Plant Growth, Assimilation and Dissimilation of CO2 and Accumulation of Photosynthates in Field Bean (Vicia faba L. minor) During Pod Formation and Rapid Pod Growth

Field bean planes cultivar Nadwiślański were submitted to soil drought (30 % of field soil water capacity) for 5 days at the stage of pod formation (A) and of rapid pod growth (B) and then exposed for 20 minutes to ¹⁴CO₂. Radioactivity of leaves, stems, roots, and pods or pod shells and seeds was measured 1, 5, 24 and 48 hours after exposition.
In both stages soil drought reduced by about five times total CO₂ assimilation, mainly owing to lower activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and also, though less so, to reduced leaf growth. Photosynthetic activity referred to the dry weight of the leaves dropped to 22-35% of controls. Accumulation of photosynthetates in generative organs was much less depressed than ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation. 48 hours after exposition to ¹⁴CO₂ of drought treated plants, the contents of ¹⁴C of pods in phase A, and seeds in phase B, amounted to respectively 24% and 36% of assimilated ¹⁴C and equalled 91.5% and 74% of the corresponding values for controls.
The progressive decline of radioactivity in leaves and stems after ¹⁴CO₂ exposition was distinctly correlated to the rise of radioactivity of generative organs both in soil drought treated plants and in controls. Slightly lower values of correlation coefficients in drought treated plants may indicate impairment under drought conditions of synchronization in processes of unloading and accumulation of assimilates.
In plants drought treated in phase A the ability to dissimilate ¹⁴C was reduced to about 59% of that in controls, but when drought was applied in phase B, dissimilation rate was about three times as high.