论大豆连作障碍中有关化感作用(Allelopathy)研究的若干问题

本文着重地探讨了大豆连作障碍中有关化感作用研究应注意的若干问题。具体内容如下：（１）化感物质的提取源、提取剂及其收集方法的选取；（２）生物检测的参数、受体植物及其生长的环境基质的选用；（３）数据统计分析的选定等。以便为研究大豆连作障碍机理提供科学的方法。     

花生连作障碍发生机理研究进展

连作导致花生产量和品质下降,严重影响了花生持续生产。本文结合20年花生长期定位试验研究,从土壤理化性质恶化、化感自毒作用和微生物区系失衡3个方面系统地综述了花生连作障碍的发生机理,认为花生根际微生态系统综合功能失调是造成花生连作障碍的主要原因,并分别就化感作用、根际分泌物与根际微生物的关系、根际微生物与连作障碍的关系和多因子综合考虑等角度对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

化感作用研究中渗透势对生物测定结果的影响

在不同渗透势的甘露醇溶液培养条件下研究了厚壳桂等对萝卜、黄瓜和白菜化感作用的影响试验结果表明,随渗透势的升高,萝卜幼苗根长和苗高逐渐降低,黄瓜幼苗受抑更明显,而白菜影响极小,未达显著水平。对厚壳桂、锥木和藜蒴的生化他感作用研究中分别以蒸馏水和相同渗透势的甘露醇溶液为对照,其结果化感作用程度普遍降低,有些还发生赁变(化感作用在显著与不显著间转换),故化感生物测定分析中应注意渗透势的影响,以保证结果正确性。     

水稻化感作用的研究进展

综述了水稻化感作用的研究进展,包括水稻与其他植物相互间的化感作用、水稻化感物质的分离鉴定及其特征特性、水稻化感育种、水稻化感作用与农业可持续发展等方面进展。     

Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil amended with plant residues

Residues from some tree species may contain allelopathic chemicals that have the potential to inhibit plant growth and symbiotic N₂-fixing microorganisms. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] was grown in pots to compare nodulation and N₂-fixation responses of the following soil amendments: control soil, leaf compost, red oak (Quercus rubra L.) leaves, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) leaves, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) leaves, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) leaves, rye (Secale cereale L.) straw, and corn (Zea mays L.) stover. Freshly fallen leaves were collected from urban shade trees. Soil was amended with 20 g kg^-1 air-dried, ground plant materials. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage to determine N₂-fixation by the difference method. Although nodulation was not adversely affected, soybean grown on leaf-amended soil exhibited temporary N deficiency until nodulation. Nodule number was increased by more than 40% for soybean grown on amended soil, but nodule dry matter per plant generally was not changed compared with control soil. Nonnodulating plants were severely N deficient and stunted as a consequence of N immobilization. Nodulating soybean plants grown on leaf or crop residue amended soil were more dependent on symbiotically fixed N and had lower dry matter yields than the controls. When leaves were composted, the problem of N immobilization was avoided and dry matter yield was not reduced. No indication of an allelopathic inhibition on nodulation or N₂-fixation from heavy application of oak, maple, sycamore, or walnut leaves to soil was observed.     

阿魏酸与肉桂酸对杉木化感作用的生物评价

通过绿豆、大豆、黄瓜、空心菜及玉米等种子发芽的生物评价,分析研究阿魏酸和肉桂酸对杉木化感作用结果表明,阿魏酸对5种蔬菜种子作用表现为高浓度抑制萌发和生长,随浓度的降低其抑制作用逐渐减弱。肉桂酸除对空心菜发芽表现为高浓度促进生长外,对其余种子作用表现为高浓度抑制萌发和生长,随浓度的降低其抑制作用逐渐减弱。     

不同化感效应小麦根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗叶片保护酶活性及渗透调节物质的影响

研究了不同化感效应小麦品种（化感促进和化感抑制品种）根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗叶片保护酶活性及渗透调节物质的影响,旨在明确不同化感效应的小麦品种对黄瓜生长发育影响的生理生化机制。结果表明,具有化感促进作用的小麦根系分泌物在处理后的不同时期可以显著提高黄瓜幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（AsA-POD）活性,以及脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量,从而增加植株抗性;而具有化感抑制作用的小麦根系分泌物在处理后的不同时期能够显著降低黄瓜幼苗叶片保护酶（SOD、AsA-POD）活性及渗透调节物质含量,POD及CAT活性在处理后18 d显著提高。     

Allelopathic Potential of Shoot and Root Leachates of Certain Weed Species

The allelopathic potential of shoot and root leachates of seven weed species was assessed using sorghum and blackgram as test crops. Weeds differed significantly among themselves in their allelopathic effect. Shoot leachates of weeds, in general, showed more allelopathic effect than their root leachates. Phenolic content of weed leachates has positive association with the allelopathic potential of the weed species.     

尾叶枝叶片水提液对小麦生长的影响

以小麦湘麦13号品种为实验材料,研究了尾叶桉叶片水提取液对小麦种子生长的影响．结果表明:尾叶桉叶片水提取液对小麦种子萌芽有显著抑制作用,当浓度为30mg／ml时发芽率下降40％;对小麦生长亦有显著抑制作用,其中4mg／ml与5mg／ml的浸提液抑制作用尤为显著,4mg／ml抑制苗高39％、根长28％;5mg／ml抑制苗高61％、根长56％;30mg／ml的浸提液令小麦幼苗叶绿素含量降低了51％．呼吸速率降低了64％。说明尾叶桉叶片水提取液物质具有较强的化感作用。     

金钟藤叶挥发油化学成分分析及其化感潜力研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取金钟藤叶中的挥发油,利用GC-MS联用技术对金钟藤叶挥发油进行分析,并以萝卜(Raphanus sativus)、莴苣(Lactuca sativa)、水稻(Oryza sativa)和红尾翎(Digitaria radicosa)为供试植物,采用培养皿滤纸法对金钟藤叶挥发油饱和水溶液的化感效应进行生物测定。经GC-MS分析,从金钟藤叶挥发油中鉴定出41种化合物,占总油量的95.32%。其中含量较高的为β-榄香烯(24.64%)、β-丁香烯(21.61%)、(Z)-β-香柠檬烯(6.11%)、α-葎草烯(6.00%)、双环大牻牛儿烯(5.36%)、植醇(3.24%)、蓝桉醇(2.43%)等萜类、醇类等化合物,占挥发油总量的95.32%。生测结果显示,金钟藤叶挥发油饱和水溶液对莴苣、萝卜、水稻和红尾翎4种受试植物的种子萌发均产生抑制作用,对莴苣、萝卜和红尾翎幼苗生长表现为抑制作用,而对水稻幼苗生长具有显著促进作用。