新疆农村公共管理与社会服务平台的构建研究——以新疆昌吉市榆树沟镇示范区为例

随着新农村建设的发展及农业结构调整的不断深入,农村居民信息需求的多样性和复杂性更加突显,推动面向农村农民的综合信息管理及服务体系建设已成为发展农村信息服务的主要任务之一。以新疆昌吉市榆树沟镇为示范区,通过该镇信息化建设过程中需求变化的研究,并结合现有的网络结构和信息传输方式,在围绕政务公开、管理民主、服务于民的基础上,构建了基于B/S结构的农村公共管理与社会服务平台,旨在提高农村公共管理工作效率,为乡镇开展各项社会服务工作提供具有可操作性的技术方案。     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

玛纳斯流域生态需水变化与景观格局的响应关系研究

选取西北干旱区水土开发的典型区域玛纳斯河流域为研究对象,基于遥感和GIS技术,与气象站点实测资料相结合,采用FAO56Penman-Monteith法,在ArcGIS建好彭曼模型计算研究区生态需水。利用TM数据解译出1990年、2000年、2010年3期土地利用分类图对玛纳斯河流域进行景观生态学研究,最后尝试性分析生态需水与景观格局关系。结果表明:(1)各区域生态需水变化趋势存在差异,主要表现在山区生态需水增加,平原区生态需水减少。景观格局分析发现2000—2010年中部平原的西面和北面成片出现连通现象,是生态环境恶化较为严重区域。(2)空间上,山区生态耗水量增加,植被多样性指数上升,蔓延度指数下降。时间上,生态耗水量增加,周边的蔓延度指数上升,多样性下降;(3)空间上,绿洲景观格局指数变化与生态需水定额无明显关系,时间上,生态需水定额减小,但在人类活动影响下,周边的景观连通性下降,多样性上升,与山区的结论相反。生态需水定额的减少,将有利于植被的生长,但由于人类活动的影响,生态环境遭到破坏。     

基于GIS的库车县耕层土壤养分空间变异研究

基于GIS和地统计学分析方法,对库车县耕层土壤(0—20cm)养分元素的空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明:有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均为中等程度的空间变异性,变异系数为19.11%~65.34%。有机质和全氮的理论模型符合球状模型,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的理论模型符合指数模型。有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾具有中等程度的空间自相关性,其空间变异主要受土壤类型、土壤质地以及施肥影响。从空间分布格局来看,有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾的含量在东南方向上呈现明显的片状和斑块状分布,并由东南向西北发生递减,而有效磷主要呈斑块状分布,其含量在西南方向高于东北方向,研究区耕层土壤养分总体呈现出东南方向含量高于西北方向。     

不同温度制备的棉花秸秆生物碳对棉花生长及氮肥利用率(~(15)N)的影响

【目的】生物碳可提高土壤肥力,增强土壤对养分的保持能力,减少养分损失,提高肥料利用率。研究不同温度热解制备的生物碳对棉花生长和肥料利用率的差异,可以为提高生物碳的有效利用提供依据。【方法】供试生物碳由棉花秸秆分别在450℃、600℃和750℃高温限氧条件下热解制备而成。本试验为两因素(生物碳、氮)温室盆栽试验,生物碳处理包括3种不同热解温度生物碳处理(分别以450BC、600BC、750BC表示)和1个空白对照(CK);每个生物碳土壤设置3个施氮水平0、2.1和4.2 g/pot(分别以N0、N1、N2表示),用15N同位素示踪方法分析不同施氮水平下3种热解温度生物碳对棉花生长、15N回收和淋洗损失的影响。【结果】1)施用3种生物碳处理棉花干物质重总体表现为750BC600BC、450BCCK,450BC、600BC和750BC处理分别较对照平均增加了9.2%、12.6%和17.3%;并且棉花总干物质重随施氮量的增加而增加,但生物碳作用随之降低;2)3种生物碳处理棉花氮素吸收总量总体也表现为750BC600BC、450BCCK。不施氮肥条件下(N0),600BC和750BC处理棉花氮素吸收总量显著高于CK,但450BC处理与与CK无显著差异;施氮肥条件下(N1、N2),3种生物碳处理均显著高于CK,450BC、600BC和750BC处理棉花氮素吸收总量平均较CK分别增加29.5%、37.1%和48.8%;3)15N标记试验结果表明,450BC、600BC和750BC处理植株15N回收率显著高于对照,分别较CK平均提高27.46%、36.44%和42.87%。而N1和N2水平下3种生物碳处理之间植株15N回收率均没有显著差异;4)450BC、600BC和750BC处理土壤15N残留率分别较对照平均增加101.4%、147.3%和200.7%。土壤15N残留率在N1水平下随着生物碳热解温度的升高而增加,而在N2水平下750BC处理显著高于450BC和600BC处理,但是后二者之间没有显著差异。土壤15N残留率随着施氮量的增加而降低;5)施用生物碳可以显著降低土壤15N的淋洗,并且不同施氮水平下(N1、N2)淋洗率都随着生物碳热解温度的升高而降低。【结论】施用生物碳可促进棉花生长,增加棉花氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用率,降低氮素损失,并且生物碳的热解温度越高效果越明显;但是随着氮肥施用量的增加生物碳作用减弱。     

Response of cotton root growth and yield to root restriction under various water and nitrogen regimes

Water and nitrogen (N) are two major factors limiting cotton growth and yield. The ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients is closely related to the size of the root system and the rooting space. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) adapts to water and N supply when rooting volume is restricted would be useful for improving cotton yield. In this study, cotton was grown in soil columns to control rooting depth to either 60 cm (root‐restriction treatment) or 120 cm (no‐root‐restriction treatment). Four water–N combinations were applied to the plants: (1) deficit irrigation and no N fertilizer (W₀N₀), (2) deficit irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W₀N₁), (3) moderate irrigation and no N fertilizer (W₁N₀), and (4) moderate irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W₁N₁). Results revealed that root restriction reduced root length density (RLD), root volume density (RVD), root mass density (RMD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total plant biomass, and root : shoot ratio. In contrast, root restriction increased aboveground biomass and yield. The RLD, RVD, RMD, and root : shoot ratio decreased in the order W₀N₀ > W₁N₀ > W₀N₁ > W₁N₁ in both the root‐restriction and no‐root‐restriction treatments. However, the opposite order (i.e., W₁N₁ > W₀N₁ > W₁N₀ > W₀N₀) was observed for SOD activity, NR activity, aboveground biomass, and seed yield. Our results suggest that, when N and water supplies are adequate, root restriction increases both root activity and the availability of photosynthates to aboveground plant parts. This increases shoot growth, the shoot : root ratio, and yield.     

Metabolic characteristics of microbial communities of Aeolian sandy soils induced by saline water drip irrigation in shelter forests

The microbial metabolic activities of soils sampled at eight depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, 30–50, 50–70, 70–100, 100–150 and 150–200 cm) in shelter forests (comprising the tree species, Haloxylon sp.) along the Tarim Desert Highway under drip irrigation with different saline waters were investigated by using Biolog technology. Variance analysis and principal component analysis were conducted. The average well colour development (AWCD) values for single carbon source use by microorganisms increased with the incubation time. The microorganisms reached a lag phase within 24 hours of incubation and entered exponential and stationary phases after 48 and 216 hours of incubation, respectively; however, the death phase was not obvious. As the salinity of drip irrigation water increased, the AWCD values significantly decreased; the AWCD value in the land drip‐irrigated with lowest saline water (S8) was roughly 20% larger than that of the land drip‐irrigated with highest saline water (S1), which was mainly caused by the differences in the use of carboxylic acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds by soil microorganisms. The vertical differences in carbon source utilization by soil microbial communities were obvious: these may be caused by the vertical differences in soil organism abundance associated with distribution of roots in the shelter forest. The largest and smallest AWCD values were noted in the 70–100‐cm soil layer and 0–5‐cm topsoil layer, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the AWCD values and soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, available phosphorus, pH, cation exchange capacity and bulk density were > 0.85. Thus, the differences in carbon source metabolism activities of soil microorganisms were caused mainly by the soil chemical properties, with total nutrients being the main driving factor. Furthermore, the amounts of carboxylic acids, amino acids and polymers provided sensitive markers for distinguishing the ability of soil microorganisms to use carbon sources under drip irrigation with different saline waters. Saline water irrigation affected the soil microbial community in shelter forest and produced obvious differences among the shelter forests irrigated with different saline waters.     

多菌灵在新疆葡萄中的最终残留分析

采用高效液相色谱法,研究了多菌灵在新疆葡萄中的最终残留。结果表明,多菌灵最低检出浓度为0.02 mg/kg,添加浓度在0.05~1.00 mg/kg范围内,回收率为70.14%~92.38%,RSD≤6.20%。田间试验结果表明,多菌灵按照低剂量和高剂量各施药3次和4次,28 d后残留量均降至0.17 mg/kg以下,低于多菌灵在葡萄中的最大允许残留量3.0 mg/kg。     

近30年巴里坤湖水域面积动态变化与气象因素分析

选取1991、2001、2010年遥感影像数据(Iandsat TM/ETM),通过几何校正等预处理,在地理信息系统平台上对巴里坤湖区面积进行水体辨识与水域面积计算。同时,结合1981-2011年研究区站点的气象数据,探讨其对气候变化的基本响应状况。结果表明,1991年巴里坤湖总水域面积为97.47 km2,2001年为45.65 km2,2010年为36.18 km2,湖泊水域面积萎缩,是气候因素和人为因素共同作用的结果。     

新疆农产品出口物流组织模式绩效评价及优化研究

新疆农产品物流组织近年来在规模和能力方面都得到了较有成效的提高,形成了几种非常明显的农产品物流模式。采用因子分析法对新疆农产品出口物流组织的绩效进行了评价,力求通过定量分析来评价新疆农产品出口物流组织模式,进而提出有效的优化策略。