不同生境对雅安市老板山水麻枝叶构件特征的影响

为探究植物（种群）生存及其对环境的适应对策和进化机制,以四川省雅安市老板山林内、林缘、沟边丛生以及林内单株水麻Debregeasia orientalis为研究对象,对其分枝数、分枝长度、分枝角度、枝径比、逐级分枝率以及叶片数、叶面积等构件特征进行调查分析。结果表明:①不同生境下,水麻分枝数以一级枝为主,沟边丛生水麻分枝长度优于其他生境,但无三四级枝生长,其分枝角度整体表现为收敛型,空间拓展能力较其他生境强;②同一生境下,二三级枝枝径比（R_BD3:2）最大,三四级枝逐级分枝率（S_BR3:4） < 一二级枝逐级分枝率（S_BR1:2） < 二三级枝枝逐级分枝率（S_BR2:3）,二三级枝之间水分、养分运输效率高,分枝能力最强;③叶片数与分枝数变化规律一致,林缘丛生水麻叶片数最多,其叶面积与沟边丛生都大于其他生境,同一生境中,叶面积二级枝>一级枝>三级枝;④林缘生境更适合水麻聚集生长,沟边丛生水麻护坡、固土效果明显。表明不同生境水麻对光照、空间等环境条件响应不同,可采取措施以最大限度获取生境资源,更好地发挥水土保持功能。     

Identifying seedling and adult plant resistance of Chinese Brassica napus germplasm to Leptosphaeria maculans

Blackleg disease of canola/rapeseed (Brassica napus), caused by the devastating fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, can significantly influence B. napus production worldwide, except for China, where only the less aggressive L. biglobosa has been found associated with the disease. The aim of this study was to characterize both seedling resistance (major gene resistance, R gene resistance) and adult plant resistance (APR) from a collection of Chinese B. napus varieties/lines (accessions) to L. maculans. Evaluation of seedling resistance was carried out under a controlled environment, using 11 well‐characterized L. maculans isolates as differentials. The identification of APR was performed under multiple field environments in western Canada. R genes were detected in more than 40% of the accessions tested. Four specific R genes, Rlm1, Rlm2, Rlm3 and Rlm4 were identified, with Rlm3 and Rlm4 being the most common genes, while Rlm1 and Rlm2 were detected only occasionally. Results of field evaluation indicated significant variations among field locations as well as accessions; a large portion of the B. napus accessions, regardless of the resistance level observed at the seedling stage, showed high to moderate levels of APR under all environments tested. This study highlights that both R gene resistance and APR are present in Chinese B. napus germplasm and could be potential sources of resistance against blackleg caused by L. maculans if the pathogen ever becomes established in China.     

中国小麦条锈菌条中34号的发现及其致病特性

小麦条锈菌贵农22致病类型9(简称G22-9)2009年首次在四川省仪陇县的小麦品种川麦42上检测到,目前已扩展至全国9省65县(市、区)。其出现频率从2009年的0.11%逐年上升至2015年的10.56%。从其毒性基因谱、对生产品种的致病性以及近年来的出现频率和分布范围衡量,预测其在今后一段时间内将成为我国小麦条锈菌的主要优势小种。2016年经全国小麦锈病和白粉病研究协作组会商决定,将G22-9致病类型正式命名为条中34号。条中34号小种的出现和近年来的持续发展对我国小麦条锈病的发生流行以及抗病育种产生重要影响,对小麦安全生产构成一定威胁。今后应加强对该小种动态监测和抗病育种的预见性,及早调整品种布局,采取作物结构调整和药剂包衣(或拌种)等预防与控制措施,降低病害流行风险,保障小麦生产安全。     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

利用绿色荧光蛋白GFP研究稻瘟病菌与水稻的互作

稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae严重威胁水稻的产量与质量,明确稻瘟病菌与水稻互作过程及机理,对防治稻瘟病具有重要意义。本研究利用稻瘟病菌常用致病菌株GUY11和ZB25,构建了绿色荧光蛋白GFP的过量表达菌株,并通过荧光显微观察菌株侵染寄主水稻过程中侵染结构的形成与发育,包括孢子萌发、附着胞形成、侵染钉形成、侵染菌丝增殖、坏死斑形成及产孢。另外,通过比较过量表达菌株对稻瘟病高抗水稻和易感水稻的侵染过程,发现侵染过程的差异主要集中于侵染钉的穿透和侵染菌丝的定殖。本研究为分析稻瘟病菌对寄主水稻的定殖规律提供了一种有效工具。     

基于超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱快速筛查绿茶中12种植物生长调节剂的方法研究

建立了超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱（ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry,UPLC-HRMS）快速筛查绿茶中2,4-滴、对氯苯氧乙酸、吲哚丁酸、氯吡脲和吲哚乙酸等12种植物生长调节剂的方法。采用CAPCELL PKA-C18色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,2 μm）,正离子模式下以体积分数为5%的甲醇水溶液（含有5 mmol/L乙酸铵和体积分数为0.1%甲酸）为流动相;负离子模式下以体积分数为5%甲醇水为流动相,梯度洗脱。在全扫描采集模式下,基于化合物的保留时间、准分子离子峰的精确质量数、碎片离子的精确质量数和同位素分布匹配指数,对目标物进行筛查分析。结果表明:12种植物生长调节剂在绿茶中的报告限（RL）为0.01 mg/kg;在0.01、0.1和0.5 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,其回收率在61%~130%之间,相对标准偏差在1.8%~17%之间。该方法简便快捷,可用于绿茶中常用植物生长调节剂的筛查。     

基于荧光检测技术的多花黑麦草EST-SSR指纹图谱的构建

【目的】构建基于EST-SSR荧光标记的多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorumLam.)DNA指纹鉴定体系,为多花黑麦草品种鉴定提供高通量技术手段,为不同品种的合理应用提供参考依据,有效保护农民利益和育种权益。【方法】利用表型性状差异大的3个品种(特高Tetragold、长江2号Changjiang No.2和阿伯德Aubade),通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳从200对EST-SSR引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性好、扩增稳定的30对引物。在筛选出的每对引物5′端添加荧光标记FAM后,采用毛细管法通过DNA分析仪检测200个单株不同等位变异的扩增片段,从30对EST-SSR引物中筛选出25对扩增稳定的荧光引物,建立基于高通量荧光SSR标记的多花黑麦草品种鉴定体系。【结果】通过25对EST-SSR引物构建的DNA指纹图谱来进行10个多花黑麦草材料的品种鉴定。25对EST-SSR引物共检测到127个等位基因,等位变异扩增片段长度范围为51—249 bp,每对引物可检测到有效等位基因数为2—11个,特异等位基因最多可检测到11个(N101),平均每对引物4.00个;多态性位点的比率范围为33.33%—100.00%。平均PIC值为0.702,Shannon指数最大为3.322(N101),平均为1.929,基因多样性指数变幅为0.159—0.500,平均0.318,可鉴别的材料数为0—10个;其中14对特征引物在10个品种(系)上可检测出25个特异等位基因。综合来看,引物N101在200对引物中鉴别效率最高,可直接将10个多花黑麦草品种(系)区分开,在长江2号、赣选1号和川农2号上同时检测出特异等位基因。但由于多花黑麦草在品种间与品种内变异均较高,因此为鉴定更多材料,从25对引物中选择了6对扩增和检测效果较好的引物(N54、N101、N146、N151、N154、N156),6对引物可检测到的稳定等位基因数均不小于19个,在达伯瑞和邦德上最多可检测到22个等位基因。通过6对高效引物构建了10个多花黑麦草品种(系)的DNA指纹图谱,包括标准模式图、图谱代码和图谱QR编码。首次利用EST-SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳检测,为10个多花黑麦草材料分别构建了唯一的指纹代码和QR编码。【结论】利用6对高效引物构建了多花黑麦草SSR高通量鉴定体系,其中荧光引物N101多态性最高,可直接鉴别10个多花黑麦草品种(系)。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对甜菜夜蛾主要解毒酶活性与生长繁殖的影响

【目的】甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)是一种杂食性害虫,在不同环境、药物等选择压力下表现出不同的生长发育特点。氯虫苯甲酰胺是一种新型广谱的鱼尼丁受体杀虫剂,对鳞翅目害虫杀虫活性强。本研究旨在探究氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对甜菜夜蛾幼虫3种主要解毒酶——羧酸酯酶(Car E)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFOs)活性以及对种群繁殖的影响。【方法】采用饲料混毒法测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对SE-Lab品系、SE-Sel品系的毒力,SE-Sel品系由SE-Lab品系经亚致死剂量LC25连续汰选6代得到;通过浸叶法测定磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)、胡椒基丁醚(PBO)3种酶抑制剂与氯虫苯甲酰胺协同对SE-Lab和SE-Sel品系的毒力增效作用,提前12 h让试虫取食浸渍过酶抑制剂的叶片,对照组取食用0.1%Triton X-100浸渍后的叶片,再分别测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对使用酶抑制剂与未使用酶抑制剂试虫的毒力;在冰上解剖试虫的中肠和脂肪体,并通过离体酶活性测定,分析氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量与酶抑制剂对甜菜夜蛾体内的3种代谢解毒酶活力的影响;通过记录试虫各个年龄阶段的生长、死亡、产卵量等数据,参照两性生命表理论分析SE-Lab和SE-Sel品系的两性生命表参数差异。【结果】在3种酶抑制剂中PBO增效作用最强,其对甜菜夜蛾SE-Sel品系和SE-Lab品系对氯虫苯甲酰胺的毒力增效比分别为1.58和1.69。在氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量连续汰选下,甜菜夜蛾体内3种解毒酶活性均被诱导上升,其中MFOs酶活力上升最显著,SE-Sel品系中肠和脂肪体的MFOs活性相对于SE-Lab品系分别提高了2.07和2.10倍,而经氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量再次诱导的SE-Sel试虫的MFOs活性亦较SE-Lab品系上升4.02和3.44倍;在使用了酶抑制剂后3种解毒酶酶活力均有下降,其中MFOs活性下降最多,其酶比活力仅为未使用酶抑制剂处理的42.3%—44.8%。与SE-Lab品系相比,SE-Sel品系成虫的产卵前期和总产卵前期变长,而产卵量减少;SE-Sel品系的内禀增长率(r)、周限增长率(λ)和净增殖率(R0)均显著小于SE-Lab品系,SE-Lab品系与SE-Sel品系的r分别为0.18和0.16 d~(-1),λ为1.20和1.17 d~(-1),R0为358.42和203.12 d~(-1)。尽管SE-Sel品系的平均世代周期(T)更长,但是与SE-Lab品系无显著差异。【结论】MFOs可能为甜菜夜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺解毒代谢过程中的主要解毒酶,在其后续抗性形成中起主要作用;甜菜夜蛾在氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量作用下,世代周期延长,繁殖力降低,种群增长减缓,氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对甜菜夜蛾有持续控制作用。     

Effect of supplements during the cold season on the reproductive system in prepubertal Tibetan sheep ewes

We examined the development of the reproductive system in prepubertal Tibetan sheep ewes when fed only oat hay (CON) or supplemented with either lick blocks (BS) or concentrate feed (CS) during the cold season. The average daily gain of the CS ewes was greater than that of the BS ewes (P  < 0.05), which was greater than that of the CON ewes. The same pattern was observed in the number of ovarian follicles (P  < 0.001), that is, CS > BS > CON. Serum concentrations of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteotrophic hormone, estradiol and progesterone in the CS and BS groups were higher than in the CON group (P  < 0.05). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of KiSS‐1, GPR54 (G protein‐coupled receptor 54), ERα (estradiol receptor α) in the hypothalamic anteroventral periventricular area of the CS group were higher than in both the BS and CON groups (P  < 0.05), while the BS group was higher than in the CON group (P  < 0.05). Similar differences among groups were observed for gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor mRNA expression in the pituitary, follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor and luteinizing hormone receptor mRNA expression in the ovary. These results indicated that the KiSS1/GPR54 system was more active with nutrition or trace mineral supplementation during the cold season. The system stimulated the hypothalamic–pituitary?gonadal axis and enhanced folliclar development in prepubertal Tibetan sheep ewes. We concluded that energy, protein and trace minerals supplements could improve the reproductive performance of Tibetan sheep on the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau.     

Effect of grape pomace on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP) with different adding levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, fresh matter basis), alone (GP‐LAB) or in combine with an inoculant LAB (GP+LAB), on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage. After 90 days of ensiling in vacuumized mini‐silos, silages were subject to a 7‐day aerobic stability test, in which chemical, microbial and polyphenol composition were measured. In the GP‐LAB group, adding GP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and butyric acid in silage. In the GP+LAB group, adding GP increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid, WSC and crude protein, decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, NH₃‐N ratio and butyric acid concentration in silage. Polyphenol level was reduced (P < 0.05) after silage fermentation. During aerobic exposure, the fungi count, pH value and silage temperature increased (P < 0.05), the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid and polyphenols (quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside and quercetin 3‐O‐glucuronid) decreased (P < 0.05) in silage. GP+LAB treated silage had a lag phase for aerobic spoilage. When the fermentation products, microbial counts, chemical and polyphenol composition were considered, the use of 10% GP+LAB at ensiling could provide a valuable source for improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage.