河南省商丘市气候变化对玉米产量的影响

为探明气候变化对豫东玉米(Zea mays L.)产量的影响,以河南省商丘市为研究区域,根据1991～2010年河南省商丘市气候变化和玉米产量资料,利用数学统计与Thomthwaite memoriae模型,结合未来气候预测结果定量分析了气候变化对玉米产量的影响.结果表明,在全球气候变暖的背景下,玉米产量整体上呈波动上升趋势;主成分分析表明,气温、降水量与极端温度为影响玉米产量的主要气候因子,降水过多及低温对玉米生产不利.河南省商丘市“暖温型”气候有利于玉米生产力的提高,“冷干型”气候对玉米生产最为不利.     

东平湖环境问题的影响因素与综合治理分析

[目的]研究东平湖环境问题的影响因素及综合治理措施。[方法]以实地调查与历史资料为基础,分析了东平湖存在的主要环境问题及其影响因素,并提出东平湖环境问题的治理与生态保护措施。[结果]近年来,东平湖总氮、总磷含量呈下降趋势,但湖水仍处于富营养状态。东平湖存在的洪水、干旱、污染等环境问题与区域的季节性降水、工农业污染等自然与人为因素密切相关。可以通过加强湿地自然保护区的建设和管理,发展生态立体农业,建立完善的环境监测和信息管理系统,加强宣传教育,提高居民环保意识等措施治理东平湖的环境问题。[结论]该研究为东平湖及其流域环境污染问题的治理提供了理论依据。     

The impact of the introduction of sustainable forest management objectives on the optimisation of PC-based forest-level harvest schedules

Previous to the introduction of sustainable forest management principles, PC-based modelling techniques had been developed for the financial optimisation of forest-level harvest scheduling under Irish conditions. These financial models were further developed to produce a Mixed Integer Programming-Sustainable Forest Management (MIP-SFM) model, in which principles of sustainable forest management were incorporated into the harvest scheduling process. The effectiveness and practicality of the harvest schedules produced by the financial model and the MIP-SFM model were compared to the harvest schedules produced by the process currently employed by Coillte (The Irish Forestry Board). Evaluation of the models was carried out in Clonbrock forest (294.8 ha), a typical Irish plantation forest, owned and managed by Coillte. The MIP-SFM model produced effective and practical harvest schedules that enhanced the sustainability of Clonbrock forest by incorporating environmental, ecological and social management parameters. The application of the developed MIP-SFM model resulted in an increase in NPV of 5.7% compared to the NPV produced by the scheduling process currently employed by Coillte. The application of the financial model had resulted in a comparable increase in NPV of 14.2%. The smaller increase in NPV produced by the MIP-SFM model provided an indication of the cost associated with the introduction of environmental, ecological and social SFM principles in the management of Clonbrock forest.     

Effects of different green manure treatments on soil apparent N and P balance under a 34-year double-rice cropping system

Purpose

Although green manure rotation is often used to promote soil fertility and crop yield, the effects of this management practice on the nitrogen or phosphorus balance and the relationship between nutrient balance and the increase in soil nutrients have not been systematically studied.

Materials and methods

We investigated the apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balances and their associations with soil nitrogen and phosphorus increases, respectively, in a 34-year-old experimental site with various green manures and rice rotations using linear and logistic models. Cropping treatments included a rice-rice-winter fallow treatment as a control (RRW) and three green manure rotation treatments: rice-rice-ryegrass (RRR), rice-rice-oil rape (RRO), and rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch (RRC).

Results and discussion

We found that apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balances of RRR, RRO, and RRC were 164, 162, and 149 kg hm^?2, which were all significantly lower than 200 kg hm^?2 of RRW (P <?0.05). Moreover, the optimal fitted model of the relationship between cumulative nutrient balance and the increase in soil nutrients was different among treatments. Specifically, the correlation coefficients of cumulative nitrogen balance and soil nitrogen increase of RRR, RRO, and RRC in the linear model (0.49, 0.80, and 0.63) were all significantly lower than in the logistic model (0.81, 0.90, and 0.82). The correlation coefficients of cumulative phosphorus balance and increase in soil phosphorus of RRW in the linear model (0.81) were significantly lower than in the logistic model (0.91). Parameter analysis of the optimal fitted model revealed that RRC would increase the storage capacity of soil nitrogen and decrease the rate of soil phosphorus accumulation.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that long-term rice-rice-green manure rotation could significantly change the apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance and their association with soil nitrogen and phosphorus content, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of green manure rotation in an agro-ecological environment and soil fertility in a double rice cropping system in red paddy soil.

     

基于熵权灰色关联法的高寒贫困山区生态脆弱性分析——以青海省海东市为例

[目的]对青海省海东市6个区县的生态脆弱性进行定量研究,为缓解高寒贫困山区贫困状态、提高生态环境保护意识提供参考,为国家深入实施精准扶贫工作提供依据。[方法]选择经济发展状况、社会发展状况和自然生态环境状况3个评价维度构建高寒贫困山区生态脆弱性评价指标体系,运用熵权灰色关联法,对其进行定量分析与评价。[结果]互助县生态脆弱度为0.850 1,属微度脆弱等级,平安区生态脆弱度为0.712 8,属轻度脆弱等级,循化县生态脆弱度为0.557 3,属于中度脆弱等级,乐都、民和及化隆3区县生态脆弱度均小于0.45,属于重度脆弱等级。青海省海东市高寒贫困山区生态脆弱性评价指标的综合关联度从高到低的顺序依次为:互助县平安区循化县化隆县乐都区民和县。[结论]自然生态环境状况和资源禀赋严重制约经济社会发展的同时,对生态脆弱性也有显著的影响。     

Available soil nutrients and water content affect leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry at different ages of Leucaena leucocephala forests in dry-hot valley

Purpose

The carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations of leaves can reflect soil nutrient supply conditions and changes in soil. An understanding of species adaptability and nutrient use efficiency in extreme ecosystems can help land managers choose effective methods to improve management and community structure of introduced plants which may induce biological invasion and limit the regeneration of native species.

Materials and methods

We selected the Leucaena leucocephala forests in three ages (9, 15, and 26 years old) in the Jiangjiagou Gully to study the relationships between (i) soil factors and forest age and (ii) leaf nutrient concentrations. Soil factors and leaf nutrients were measured in nine sampling quadrats of 10?×?10 m of each plot. We used ANOVA to examine differences in leaf variables and soil factors at different ages of L. leucocephala forest. Pearson’s correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were conducted to identify the relationships between soil factors and leaf variables. Then, we used analysis of covariance to examine combined effects of forest ages and soil factors on leaf variables.

Results and discussion

Leaf N was significantly correlated with available P, while leaf P was significantly correlated with both available P and available N. Leaf N and P had no significant relationship with soil total N and P. Leaf C:N:P stoichiometries had a higher significant correlation with total N, available N, and soil water content.

Conclusions

Our findings illustrate that available N and available P are the main limitations for L. leucocephala, though available P imposed a stronger limitation than available N. Moreover, soil water content played an indispensable role on nutrient accumulation and the soil ecological environment. Our results provide useful information to improve L. leucocephala community structure and reduce soil degradation in a dry-hot valley.

     

Historical bank-breachings of the lower Yellow River as influenced by drainage basin factors

The Yellow River is famous for sediment-related disasters in history. The bank-breaching frequency of the lower Yellow River has been adopted as a proxy index to study the historical sediment-related disasters, and then it has been related to various indices describing the natural and human factors of the Yellow River basin. Consequently, some correlations have been established.Climate has profound influences on the bank-breaching frequency of the lower Yellow River. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties (681–907 AD), natural vegetation in the middle Yellow basin was not yet significantly affected by man. With the increase in the humid index, growth of vegetation became greater and the bank-breaching frequency of lower Yellow River declined. After the 8th Century, however, the relation between bank-breaching frequency and the humid index became inverse, i.e., with the increase in the humid index, bank-breaching frequency also increased. This is because, to a great degree, the natural vegetation had been destroyed since the 10th Century.The bank-breaching frequency can be positively correlated to the frequencies of both large flood and drought disasters. The positive correlation between bank-breaching frequency and frequency of large droughts is because the Yellow River channel decreased in size during dry periods; when large floods came, bank-breaching was more likely to occur.Human activities are the major factor influencing sediment-related disasters in the lower Yellow River. Historically, the increase in population led to a higher bank-breaching frequency, and the periods of low population corresponded to the periods with low frequency of bank-breaching. The increase in the bank-breaching frequency of the lower Yellow River occurred in association with the northward shift of the agriculture–animal husbandry transitional zone, and when the agriculture–animal husbandry transitional zone shifted southward, the bank-breaching frequency declined.     

Maximizing yields in rice–groundnut cropping sequence through integrated nutrient management

Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can improve crop productivity and sustain soil health and fertility. The present research was conducted to study the effects of application of green manures [sesbania (Sesbania aculeate Poiret) and crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.)] and farmyard manure on productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its residual effects on subsequent groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop. Rice and groundnut crops were grown in sequence during rainy and post-rainy seasons with and without green manure in combination with different fertilizer and spacing treatments under irrigated conditions. The results showed that application of green manures sesbania and crotalaria at 10 t ha⁻¹ to rice compared to no green manure application significantly increased grain yield of rice by 1.6 and 1.1 t ha⁻¹, and pod yields of groundnut crop succeeding rice by 0.25 and 0.16 t ha⁻¹, respectively. There was no significant difference between the application of crotalaria or farmyard manure at 10 t ha⁻¹ on grain yields of rice, but pod yields of subsequent groundnut crop were greater with application of green manure. There was no significant effect of different spacing 20×15,15×15,15×10 cm² (333 000; 444 000; 666 000 plant ha⁻¹, respectively) on grain yield of rice. Pod yields of groundnut were significantly greater with closer spacing 15×15 cm² (444 000 plants ha⁻¹) as compared to spacing of 30×10 cm² (333 000 plants ha⁻¹). Maximum grain of rice was obtained by application of 120:26:37 kg NPK ha⁻¹ in combination with green manures, whereas maximum pod yield of groundnut was obtained by residual effect of green manure applied to rice and application of 30:26:33 kg NPK ha⁻¹ in combination with gypsum applied to groundnut crop.