长江上游人工林与天然林土壤结构质量及保水抗蚀性研究

对长江上游人工林与天然林下代表性剖面的土壤结构分析看出,人工林较天然林土壤的结构状况要差。选择12项指标对不同林地土壤结构质量进行评价,结果表明人工林土壤结构质量远不如天然林土壤。测定和计算人工林、天然林土壤的持水量和侵蚀率,也看出前者比后者的保水抗蚀性差。其原因主要与林下土壤结构质量有关。长江上游地区人工林分布面积大,现暴露出的很多问题,与其土壤结构质量低下有紧密的关系。建议加强林下土壤结构质量的保护和培育研究。     

Biological activation of hydrous ferric oxide for reduction of hexavalent chromium in the presence of different anions

Shewanella alga BrY, a dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium (DIRB), transformed inert ferric oxides that are common in sediments, aquifer material and passivated permeable reactive iron barriers (PRBs), producing dissolved and sorbed Fe(II) capable of rapidly reducing and immobilizing Cr(VI). The effect of groundwater chemistry on the formation and reactivity of such microbial-produced, abiotic reductants was investigated. Batch reactors with high carbonate concentration (10 mM) were the most reactive, removing 66.0% ± 2.8 of Cr (VI) (76 mg/l) from liquid phase within 5 min. Treatments with high concentrations of sulfate (5.2 mM), chloride (10 mM), phosphate (1 mM) or silica (0.75 mM) were less reactive (about 40% removal). Loss of reactivity was observed possibly due to oxidation of Fe(II) (sorbed and dissolved) by Cr(VI). Normalization of Cr(VI) removal to the mass of biogenic solid present showed the following molar Cr/Fe ratios in solid phase: 0.185 ± 0.041 (carbonate), 0.146 ± 0.013 (sulfate), 0.092 ± 0.010 (silica), 0.075 ± 0.012 (phosphate) and 0.062 ± 0.012 (chloride). Overall, these results show that bacterial transformation of inert ferric oxides can contribute to the (abiotic) natural attenuation of Cr(VI) in and around PRBs, and that groundwater chemistry is an important determinant of biogenic solids reactivity.     

温带阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林土壤呼吸的比较研究

对韩国广陵树木园的阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林的土壤呼吸排放量进行观测、分析和比较 ,研究土壤呼吸与环境因子之间的相互关系 ,从中探究各森林植被类型之间产生土壤呼吸差别的原因。利用Q10 模型计算出阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林的土壤呼吸Q10 值为 3 6、3 8和 3 2 ,再根据对当地各观测站土壤温度的连续观测数据 ,计算出阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林的土壤呼吸日均排放量 ,依次分别为CO2 15 12、15 10和 13 99gm-2 。     

Field Evaluation of Selected Soil Erosion Models for Catchment Management in Indonesia

Three models, viz., areal non-point source watershed environment response simulation (ANSWERS), universal soil loss equation (USLE) and adapted universal soil loss equation (AUSLE) are evaluated for their performance under the field conditions of the Riam Kanan catchment in South Kalimantan province of Indonesia. While ANSWERS is evaluated for its accuracy to predict both runoff and soil loss, USLE and AUSLE are evaluated for soil loss only. The study was carried out in the context of sedimentation concerns for the Muhammad Nur Reservoir—an important source of drinking and irrigation water supply for the catchment. The models are evaluated using field data collected under four different land uses and during 2 years of field experiments. The land uses considered are cropland with minimum tillage, cropland with conventional tillage, grassland and areas reforested with rubber trees. The ANSWERS model in general has a tendency to overpredict runoff values. The ANSWERS model also was relatively better for predicting soil loss followed by the AUSLE and USLE models. Overall, the ANSWERS model proved superior for predicting soil loss in the Riam Kanan catchment. However, given that the AUSLE model produced sufficiently reliable results and is relatively easy to use, the AUSLE model would also appear to be a useful tool for predicting soil erosion in the catchment.     

农业清洁生产技术应用的补偿机制实证研究——以云南省大理州洱源县农户调查为例

以云南省大理州洱源县农户调查为例,开展农户对于农业清洁生产技术采纳的补偿意愿实证研究。研究采用意愿价值评估法,在假设政府提供补偿的前提下进行农户问卷调查,获得农户对于采用不同农业清洁技术的受偿意愿数据,从而为制定相应的补偿政策提供依据。首先,分析了农户对于使用配方肥、秸秆还田及修建化粪池等3类清洁技术的采纳意愿;其次,明确了农户愿意接受的现金和实物2种补偿方式;第三,简单估算了农户采纳3类清洁技术希望获得的补偿标准;最后,调查了农户对于政府可能采取的推进清洁技术发展的配套政策的偏好程度。     

珠江流域1960―2012年降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征

降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,研究其时空变化特征对流域土壤侵蚀监测、评估、预报和治理等工作具有重要意义。根据珠江流域43个气象站1960-2012年逐日降雨资料计算各站点降雨侵蚀力,采用线性回归,Mann-Kendall方法,小波分析和Kriging插值等方法对流域降雨侵蚀力进行了时空变化分析。结果表明:珠江流域多年平均降雨侵蚀力值的分布范围为1 858.0~14 656.6 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),平均值为7 177.1 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),与多年平均降雨量极显著相关(相关系数0.952,P0.01),空间分布规律与多年平均降雨基本一致,即总体上均呈从东到西逐渐递减的规律,被统计站点的降雨侵蚀力随着经度增加而增加,但随纬度增加而减少;流域年、季节、汛期和非汛期降雨侵蚀力变化趋势均不显著,均没有发生显著的突变,其中春、秋两季降雨侵蚀力呈下降趋势,其余时间段呈上升趋势;珠江流域大部分地区年降雨侵蚀力呈上升的趋势,其中韶关站点上升显著,沾益站、风山站、河池站、百色站、柳州站、融安站和桂林站的冬季降雨侵蚀力同样上升显著,这些地区面临的水土保持压力较大;流域年均降雨侵蚀力变化主周期为3.8 a,且存在2.0~7.0 a的振荡周期。研究结果可为珠江流域的水土保持、农业和生态保护,灾害控制等工作提供科学决策依据。     

A multi-site analysis of random error in tower-based measurements of carbon and energy fluxes

Measured surface-atmosphere fluxes of energy (sensible heat, H, and latent heat, LE) and CO₂ (FCO₂) represent the “true” flux plus or minus potential random and systematic measurement errors. Here, we use data from seven sites in the AmeriFlux network, including five forested sites (two of which include “tall tower” instrumentation), one grassland site, and one agricultural site, to conduct a cross-site analysis of random flux error. Quantification of this uncertainty is a prerequisite to model-data synthesis (data assimilation) and for defining confidence intervals on annual sums of net ecosystem exchange or making statistically valid comparisons between measurements and model predictions.We differenced paired observations (separated by exactly 24 h, under similar environmental conditions) to infer the characteristics of the random error in measured fluxes. Random flux error more closely follows a double-exponential (Laplace), rather than a normal (Gaussian), distribution, and increase as a linear function of the magnitude of the flux for all three scalar fluxes. Across sites, variation in the random error follows consistent and robust patterns in relation to environmental variables. For example, seasonal differences in the random error for H are small, in contrast to both LE and FCO₂, for which the random errors are roughly three-fold larger at the peak of the growing season compared to the dormant season. Random errors also generally scale with R_n (H and LE) and PPFD (FCO₂). For FCO₂ (but not H or LE), the random error decreases with increasing wind speed. Data from two sites suggest that FCO₂ random error may be slightly smaller when a closed-path, rather than open-path, gas analyzer is used.     

On-site effects of concentrated flow erosion in vineyard fields: some economic implications

Although it is well known that ephemeral gully erosion is a process of a recurrent nature and its contribution to total sediment production is far from negligible, there is a gap in the assessment of changes that the ephemeral gullying cycle produces in the fields' landscape and in the general economic balance of farms (the cost of erosion). The present paper applies a method for assessing the topographic changes produced by concentrated flow erosion, mainly ephemeral gullies, and their filling by farmers. The method is based on the comparison of multi-date detailed topographic data (digital elevation models, DEMs). In the case study, 0.20-m spatial resolution DEMs of March 2000, June 2000 and July 2002 were used to assess the changes in a vineyard field (located in the Penedès region, Catalonia, NE Spain), in which there are hillside ditches (broadbase terraces) that function as sediment traps to avoid major soil loss. The study period was divided into two, according to an extreme rainfall event that occurred on 10 June 2000, in which 214.6 mm fell in 1 day, representing 44% of the annual precipitation. This storm, with a return period in the area of 105 years, displaced 282±4 Mg ha⁻¹ of sediment, 58% of which was due to concentrated surface runoff that caused considerable surface lowering (ephemeral gullies) of up to 0.4–0.5 m deep in some parts of the field. During the second period, about 208±3 Mg ha⁻¹ of soil and sediment deposited in the hillside ditches was used to fill ephemeral gullies. The general sediment/soil balance at the locations where ephemeral gullies recurrently occur is negative (−74±3 Mg ha⁻¹), indicating that recurrent concentrated surface runoff is producing a progressive surface lowering of those zones. The research also assessed the efficiency of the hillside ditches as sediment traps. A total of 113±2 Mg ha⁻¹ was deposited in these structures during the period March 2000–June 2000 (in which the extreme rainfall event occurred), which represents 54% of the material used to fill ephemeral gullies in the period June 2000–July 2002. Finally, the cost of erosion, evaluated as the cost of the operations necessary to redistribute the sediment/soil over the field and to repair the hillside ditches, represented 5% of the income of the farms.     

黄河河口湿地植被分布及其与环境因子关系

[目的]研究黄河河口湿地植被分布及其与环境因子关系。[方法]结合黄河三角洲实际,根据2009～2010年黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区植物样地调查和相关环境因子监测分析的数据,分析了温带地区河口湿地植物群落数量特征的变化及其与环境因子的关系。[结果]黄河三角洲区域中很少有地带性植被,植被种类分布受环境的影响明显。植被结构来看,潮上带群落的垂直结构可分为乔木层、灌木层与草本层,草本植物的重要值远大于灌木和乔木,在潮间带,群落的垂直结构仅为灌木层与草本层2层结构;多样性方面来看,潮上带的物种多样性高于潮间带。主成分分析发现,所选出第一主成分能较好地反映研究区的盐分信息,第二主成分能代表养分信息。回归分析表明,各样地中柽柳的重要值与全盐和电导率呈现正相关的关系,即随着全盐和电导率的升高而升高,而多样性指数则随着全盐和电导率的升高而降低。[结论]该研究为植被生态保护和区域政策的制定提供理论基础。