Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil gross nitrogen transformations in a temperate desert steppe

Nutrient addition has a significant impact on plant growth and nutrient cycling. Yet, the understanding of how the addition of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) significantly affects soil gross N transformations and N availability in temperate desert steppes is still limited. Therefore, a ¹⁵N tracing experiment was conducted to study these processes and their underlying mechanism in a desert steppe soil that had been supplemented with N and P for 4 years in northwestern China. Soil N mineralization was increased significantly by P addition, and N and P additions significantly promoted soil autotrophic nitrification, rather than NH₄⁺-N immobilization. The addition of N promoted dissimilatory NO₃⁻ reduction to NH₄⁺, while that of P inhibited it. Soil NO₃⁻-N production was greatly increased by N added alone and by that of N and P combined, while net NH₄⁺-N production was decreased by these treatments. Soil N mineralization was primarily mediated by pH, P content or organic carbon, while soil NH₄⁺-N content regulated autotrophic nitrification mainly, and this process was mainly controlled by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria rather than archaea and comammox. NH₄⁺-N immobilization was mainly affected by functional microorganisms, the abundance of narG gene and comammox Ntsp-amoA. In conclusion, gross N transformations in the temperate desert steppe largely depended on soil inorganic N, P contents and related functional microorganisms. Soil acidification plays a more key role in N mineralization than other environmental factors or functional microorganisms.     

青藏高原不同草地类型苔藓植物化学元素特征

为探讨青藏高原地区苔藓植物对重金属元素的积累状况,在海北站和三江源站的灌丛及草甸采集苔藓植物样品,利用原子吸收光谱仪法(AAS)测定了这些苔藓植物体内19种化学元素的含量.结果表明:青藏高原海北和果洛的苔藓植物体内重金属元素Hg,Cd,Zn和Cr的含量不仅高于国内的贡嘎山原始森林地带,也高于国外的意大利、芬兰、挪威等地区;海北的沼泽化草甸和金露梅(Potentila fruticosa)灌丛草甸,以及果洛的嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸的苔藓植物中化学元素的积累有明显差异.如除了K元素外,Ca和Mg元素在海北草甸苔藓体内的含量略高于果洛草甸.此外,苔藓植物体内Cd-Co,Cd-Ni,Cu-Se等元素间存在显著正相关关系.     

甜高梁栽培技术研究

为探索甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)在青海高原丰产、高产栽培技术,在不同海拔生态区开展了播期、密度、追肥、刈割、地膜比较试验.结果表明:海拔2100 m生态区甜高粱适宜播种期是4月26日-5月7日;海拔1850m适宜密度为8.25万株·hm-2;生长中期追施1次N肥(尿素)112.5～225.0kg·hm-2,鲜重产量提高13.39％～26.94％,茎秆糖锤度提高3.16％～26.14％;刈割1次比刈割2次总鲜重产量略低,差异不显著,茎秆糖锤度提高17.02％～255.65％;铺地膜比不铺地膜增产5.56％～15.85％,茎秆糖锤度提高5.76％～54.03％,且籽粒能成熟,不铺地膜籽粒不能成熟.海拔2300 m适宜密度为16.50～21.00万株·hm-2;生长中期追施1次N肥增产 1.81％～27.39％,茎秆糖锤度提高2.33％～40.40％;刈割1次比刈割2次的总鲜重产量极显著增加(P＜0.01),增产64.46％～155.88％,茎秆糖锤度提高199.52％～288.89％,因此不易刈割.     

Assessment of frozen ground organic carbon pool on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Purpose

Under rapid climate change, soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamic in frozen ground may significantly influence terrestrial carbon cycles. The aim of this study was to investigate the storage, spatial patterns, and influencing factors of SOC in frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which known as the earth’s Third Pole.

Materials and methods

Using the observed edaphic data from China’s Second National Soil Survey, we estimated the SOC storage (SOCS) of frozen ground (including permafrost, seasonally, and short time frozen ground) on the plateau with a depth of 0–3 m. Furthermore, the effect of vegetation and climate factors on spatial variance of SOC density (SOCD) was analyzed.

Results and discussion

The SOCD decreased from the southeastern to the northwestern part of the plateau, and increased with shorten of freezing duration. SOCS of permafrost, seasonally, and short time frozen ground were calculated as 40.9 (34.2–47.6), 26.7 (24.1–29.4), and 6 (5.6–6.4) Pg, making a total of 73.6 (63.9–83.3) Pg in 0–3 m depth on the plateau. Normalized difference vegetation index and mean annual precipitation could significantly affect the spatial distribution of SOC in permafrost and seasonally frozen ground.

Conclusions

The soil in plateau frozen ground contained substantial organic carbon, which could be affected by plant and climate variables. However, the heterogeneous landform may make the fate of carbon more complicated in the future.

     

青海水、旱地甜高粱与豆科混播及其刈割对草产量的影响

为探索青海水、旱地覆膜种植甜高粱（Sorghum dochna）的增产栽培技术,将2个甜高粱品种‘九甜杂3号’和‘吉甜5号’与3个豆科品种‘草原224’,‘西牧333’和‘1741’分别在水地和旱地进行混播、刈割试验。结果表明：不同海拔生态区不同品种各性状差异显著,综合表现为水地优于旱地;在旱地与豆科混播对甜高粱‘九甜杂3号’和‘吉甜5号’的生长具有明显促进作用,‘吉甜5号’不刈割混播的鲜草产量比单播增加0.42%~21.44%,干草产量增加14.63%~32.24%;‘九甜杂3号’不刈割混播比单播干草产量增加16.74%~43.30%。生长中期刈割对‘九甜杂3号’影响显著,其水地和旱地鲜草产量分别增加9.57%和9.91%。‘九甜杂3号’适宜与豆科品种‘草原224’混播,在生长中期刈割1次,两茬鲜草产量高达147.33 t·hm^-2和112.40 t·hm^-2;‘吉甜5号’适宜与‘西牧333’混播且不刈割,两者鲜草产量达129.55 t·hm^-2和104.01 t·hm^-2,干草产量达29.57 t·hm^-2和22.15 t·hm^-2。因此,甜高粱品种与豆科植物的混播及刈割能够增加其草产量,这对生产实践有着一定的指导意义。     

基于熵权灰色关联法的高寒贫困山区生态脆弱性分析——以青海省海东市为例

[目的]对青海省海东市6个区县的生态脆弱性进行定量研究,为缓解高寒贫困山区贫困状态、提高生态环境保护意识提供参考,为国家深入实施精准扶贫工作提供依据。[方法]选择经济发展状况、社会发展状况和自然生态环境状况3个评价维度构建高寒贫困山区生态脆弱性评价指标体系,运用熵权灰色关联法,对其进行定量分析与评价。[结果]互助县生态脆弱度为0.850 1,属微度脆弱等级,平安区生态脆弱度为0.712 8,属轻度脆弱等级,循化县生态脆弱度为0.557 3,属于中度脆弱等级,乐都、民和及化隆3区县生态脆弱度均小于0.45,属于重度脆弱等级。青海省海东市高寒贫困山区生态脆弱性评价指标的综合关联度从高到低的顺序依次为:互助县平安区循化县化隆县乐都区民和县。[结论]自然生态环境状况和资源禀赋严重制约经济社会发展的同时,对生态脆弱性也有显著的影响。     

生态工程背景下黄土高原植被变化时空特征及其驱动力

[目的]分析1990—2015年黄土高原植被的时空演变规律,并从气候变化和人类活动两个方面分析该地区植被变化的驱动力,以期为生态环境保护相关政策的制定和区域可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]基于GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI建立长时间序列NDVI数据集,采用线性趋势分析、多元线性回归和改进的人类残差等分析方法,以NDVI为指标,辅助土地利用数据,对黄土高原地区1990—2015年期间植被时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了定量分析。[结果]①在1990到2015年期间,黄土高原地区植被的NDVI总体表现为上升趋势,且变化趋势较明显的分为两个时期,其中2000年以后NDVI上升速率较快;②2000年以后,黄土高原植被NDVI迅速上升,上升区域面积达到总面积的91.90%,其中NDVI显著上升面积比为65.78%;③黄土高原地区植被面积总体表现为增加,且主要来自于耕地的转入;④人类活动促使的植被恢复区域占黄土高原总面积的21.74%,主要分布在内蒙古的东部和北部、甘肃和宁夏的南部,以及陕西和山西的中部地区。[结论]随着退耕还林还草政策的实施,黄土高原地区植被面积持续增加,且植被生长状况持续变好,黄土高原植被恢复的原因主要是气候和人类共同影响,其中人类影响的程度较大。     

A multiple regression approach to assess the spatial distribution of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) at the regional scale (Flanders,Belgium)

Estimates of the amount of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) at the regional scale are important to better understand the role of the SOC reservoir in global climate and environmental issues. This study presents a method for estimating the total SOC stock using data from Flanders (Belgium). More than 6900 SOC measurements from the national soil survey (database ‘Aardewerk’) are combined with a digital land use map and a digital soil map of Flanders. The spatial distribution of the SOC stock is studied in its relation to factors such as soil texture, soil moisture (drainage class) and land use. The resulting map with a resolution of 15 m consists of different classes forming a combination of these environmental factors. The results show that the lowest SOC amount (kg m^? 2) is stored under cropland whereas the highest amount is found under grassland. Regarding the effect of soil properties, a significant correlation between SOC stock and depth of the ground water table is observed. Sandy loam soils stock the lowest SOC amount (kg m^? 2), whereas clay soils retain the highest SOC amount. First, the mean SOC amounts of the land use–soil type classes are calculated and assigned to the corresponding cells in order to obtain a total SOC stock with its spatial distribution for Flanders. Then, a multiple regression model is applied to predict the SOC value of a particular land use–soil type class on the map. This model is based on the observed relationships between SOC and land use–soil type characteristics, using the entire dataset. The first approach does not allow to obtain a (reliable) SOC value for all land use–soil type classes due to a lack of samples in some classes. A major advantage of the regression model approach is the attribution of class specific SOC values to each land use–soil type class, regardless of the number of observations in the classes. Consequently, by applying the model approach instead of the mean approach, the area for which a reliable SOC estimate could be obtained increased by 8.1% (from 9420 km² to 10179 km²) and the total predicted SOC stock increased by 10.1% (from 88.7 ± 5.6 Mt C to 97.6 ± 1.1 Mt C).     

利用酵母双杂交膜系统筛选与小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白互作的异沙叶蝉蛋白

正小麦蓝矮病(Wheat blue dwarf,WBD)是我国西北麦区一种重要植原体病害,在我国西部地区危害严重。该病害由异沙叶蝉(Psammotettix alienus L.)专化性传播,介体传毒成为病害流行的重要中心环节[1]。本实验室前期通过免疫荧光标记研究发现WBD植原体免疫膜蛋白(immunodominant membrane protein, IMP)与介体异沙叶蝉肌动蛋白互作,说明IMP在植原体传播和致病过程中起关键作用。     

草地生态系统中植被冠层截留的研究进展

草地植被冠层截留是草地生态系统对降水再分配的主要过程，属于草地生态系统蒸散发的组分之一。由于草地植被冠层截留常在草地生态系统水量平衡研究中被忽略而导致蒸散发组分的划分中存在误差。因此，讨论草地植被冠层截留对草地生态水文学的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。本论文通过对目前草地植被冠层截留研究的现状和存在问题，从草地植被冠层截留的测定方法和主要的影响因素（环境因子和植被特征）2方面论述草地植被冠层截留的研究进展。分析发现，草地植被冠层截留的影响因素研究主要集中在降水特征、气象条件、放牧和植被特征等方面，各因素的综合影响研究仍然非常缺乏，测定方法的准确性有待评估。