宁南山区不同建设年限梯田土壤肥力变化规律研究

对国家农业综合开发水土保持项目宁夏项目区6个重点小流域坡改梯工程实施后不同建设年限的梯田土壤肥力进行了为期4年的定点跟踪监测研究,结果表明,坡改梯初期土壤肥力与修建前相比有所降低,经过3～5年的合理培肥和土壤肥力的逐步恢复,不同建设年限梯田土壤肥力的年度变化大体上呈现出逐渐提高的趋势,在梯田修建第5～7年土壤肥力各项指标达到最高,但修建第8年时土壤肥力出现了下降趋势。建议政府相关部门继续加大梯田建设力度,重视梯田修建后的培肥与改良,为宁南山区作物高产、稳产提供有力保障。     

Detection of cuticle defects on cherry tomatoes using hyperspectral fluorescence imagery

Cherry tomatoes are one of the major vegetables consumed in the fresh-cut market. However, the quality evaluation process, which is dependent on simple size- or color-sorting techniques, is inadequate to meet increased consumer demands for high quality and safety. Among various quality evaluations, detection of cracking defects in cherry tomatoes is a critical process since this type of damage can harbor pathogenic microbes that may have detrimental consequences on consumer health. In this study, a multi-spectral fluorescence imaging technique has been presented as a diagnostic tool for non-destructive detection of defective cherry tomatoes. Fluorescence intensity in the area of cracked cuticle was significantly higher in the blue-green spectral region than that of the sound surfaces, suggesting the multi-spectral fluorescence imaging technique as an effective classification tool for detecting cracking defects on cherry tomatoes. Simple ANOVA classification analysis and principal component analysis were employed to investigate optimal fluorescence wavebands. The results illustrate that a multi-spectral fluorescence image in linear combination with a pair of selected wavebands based on the results of ANOVA analysis was able to detect defective cherry tomatoes with >99% accuracy. The detection algorithm investigated in this study is expected to be used to develop on-site and real-time multi-spectral systems for quality evaluation of cherry tomatoes in postharvest processing plants.     

明渠非满管电磁流量测箱测试评价

为明确非满管电磁流量测箱在明渠正常输水及不同干扰物存在条件下测流结果的精确度及稳定性,将不同流量测箱与标准流量计在不同工况条件下的测量结果进行对比分析,结果表明:超声、压力液位流量测箱在不同工况下与标准流量计测得流量数据符合测流精度要求;从测流数据的稳定性角度考虑,超声、压力液位流量测箱测量数据的标准差等参数较压力A型流量计低,压力液位流量测箱的误差分布在0.047 28~0.091 34,超声液位流量测箱的误差分布在0.047 50~0.092 50,压力液位A型流量计误差分布在0.044 90~0.092 30;从宁夏灌区实际情况考虑,超声、压力液位流量测箱能在不同工况下工作且精度较高,可以适当推广应用.     

利用规划求解法确定水泵工况点

利用Excel中的规划求解法的基本功能,解决了水泵工况点的确定问题。首先用抛物线方程H=A1＋B1Q＋C1Q2表示泵流量与扬程曲线,方程H需=H净＋h损表示水泵装置的需要扬程曲线。然后根据在水泵工况点水泵的扬程H与需要扬程H需相等这一理论,给出流量的初值,并分别写出水泵扬程H和需要扬程H需与流量Q之间的计算公式,运用Excel计算功能,分别计算出水泵的扬程和需要扬程。利用此方法和水泵工况点确定的相关理论,准确、快速地求解各类复杂条件下水泵的工况点。这种方法与传统的图解法、数解法相比,具有快捷、精确等优点。     

宁夏清水河流域水库拦沙量分析

为了解宁夏清水河流域水库的拦沙作用,研究根据泥沙淤积总量来计算逐年拦沙量的方法。根据实测资料统计分析了清水河流域水库的基本情况,估算了水库的总拦沙量,并引入水库控制面积、土壤侵蚀强度、拦沙率3个因素建立了水库逐年拦沙量的分配计算模型。结果表明,至2012年,清水河流域共有具拦沙功能的水库100座,控制面积9 184.70 km~2,总库容12.23亿m~3,可淤积库容6.86亿m~3,拦沙总量5.71亿m~3,为同期泉眼山输沙量的78.25%。对模型计算结果的验证表明,在当水库数量比较多、分布比较均匀的条件下模型计算结果精度较好。根据计算结果,1979年以前时段水库拦沙量比较大,1980年以后由于水库建设速度减慢,水库的拦沙能力逐渐变小。自1960年以后水库的剩余可淤积库容一直处于下降的状态,2000年以后水库的淤积比处于83.00%左右,水库的拦沙能力已经十分有限。     

Compensatory growth in cotton after loss of reproductive organs

Sustainable cotton production requires pest management systems that enhance the role of natural regulatory mechanisms. One such mechanism is compensatory growth, the subject of this review. Current hypotheses to explain compensatory growth of cotton after the loss of reproductive structures place emphasis on yield components and consider only to limited extent source/sink relationships for carbon. The aim of this review is to integrate into these hypotheses, mechanisms accounting for other physiological and morphological changes induced by loss of reproductive structures.This paper (a) summarises the current hypotheses to explain cotton yield compensation for pest damage affecting reproductive organs, (b) analyses the nutritional and hormonal hypotheses of coordination of growth on the grounds that fruit loss strongly affects the economies of carbon and nitrogen as well as the balance of plant-growth regulators, (c) presents the hypothesis that actual yield responses will depend on the combined effects of fruit loss on yield potential (as affected by changes in acquisition and partitioning of carbon and nitrogen), and on growing conditions (as affected by changes in the spatial pattern on the plant and seasonal timing of fruiting). This hypothesis could provide a framework for experimental and simulation studies on yield compensation in cotton.     

水氮配置对地下渗灌枣树光合特性及产量的影响

探寻旱区适宜的水氮配置对地下渗灌枣树光合特性及产量的影响.以8年成龄枣树作为研究对象,设置不同灌溉定额(W1:2250 m3/hm2、W2:3000 m3/hm2、W3:3750 m3/hm2)+施氮量(N1:240 kg/hm2、N2:300 kg/hm2、N3:360 kg/hm2)的2因素3水平试验.分析不同配置...     

深层干化黄土自然降雨入渗特征试验研究

为探讨自然降雨在黄土区干化土壤中的入渗性能,研究干化黄土的降雨入渗机制,在陕北米脂试验站,建立野外10 m大型土柱模拟枣林地深层干化土壤,利用CS650-CR1000土壤水分自动监测系统对2014-2019年的土壤水分状况进行了连续定位监测。结果表明:(1)日降雨量为33.6,35.6 mm的大雨(降雨强度分别为3.73,2.97 mm/h,降雨历时9.0,12.0 h)状况下,最大入渗深度为140,100 cm,累积入渗量达20.05,16.10 mm;日降雨量为19.0,16.8 mm的中雨(降雨强度分别为2.24,1.53 mm/h,降雨历时8.5,11.0 h)状况下,最大入渗深度为90,60 cm,累积入渗量达8.12,9.77 mm;日降雨量为9.6,8.8 mm的小雨(降雨强度分别为1.48,0.76 mm/h,降雨历时6.5,11.5 h)状况下,最大入渗深度为30,20 cm,累积入渗量仅为1.05,0.23 mm。(2)降雨入渗的湿润锋运移深度(Z_i)随时间(T)呈幂函数Z_i=aT^b增加。(3)雨水的入渗历时包括降雨历时、自降雨停止至入渗结束两个时段。6次降雨(33.6,35.6,19.0,16.8,9.6,8.8 mm)在降雨停止后时段内的入渗深度分别为100,60,70,40,30,20 cm,入渗量依次为9.86,10.78,2.09,8.42,1.05,0.23 mm。在总入渗历时内,6次降雨入渗补给系数分别为0.60,0.45,0.43,0.58,0.11,0.03。黄土区降雨入渗深度受降雨量、降雨强度、入渗历时影响较大,提高单次降雨的雨量有助于提升雨水入渗补给系数,促进干化土壤得到有效水分修复。     

耦合基质区与裂隙网络的土壤优先流模型及验证

该文旨在通过分析土壤裂隙存在下的土壤优先流运动模式与特点,建立耦合基质区与裂隙网络的土壤优先流模型(crack preferential flow model,CP模型)。用控制体积有限元法求解两区土壤水分运动的基本方程,采用整体法将土壤基质水流运动方程和三维土壤裂隙网络区水流运动方程耦合。模拟与试验结果表明,增加降雨或灌溉强度能促进激活裂隙通道作为优先流通道,有利于优先流形成。CP模型及耦合方法较好地描述出了优先流运动的特点,模拟与实测的土壤饱和度均方根误差为0.016~0.025,决定系数均在0.78以上(P0.05),偏差为0.020~0.026,一致性指标为0.918~0.938。与等效连续体模型(Richards模型)相比较,CP模型模拟裂隙存在情况下土壤水流非均匀性规律更有效。研究丰富了土壤优先流理论,对提高农田水分利用率具有重要的意义。     

土壤表面干缩裂隙形态定量分析及其数值模拟

为揭示农田土壤表面干缩裂隙发展规律以及形成机理,该文对农田土壤裂隙演化试验图像进行二值化、去除噪点、提取裂隙边缘等处理,应用闵科夫斯基函数定量分析裂隙形态变化,并基于胡克定律模拟由于水分蒸发而引起的土壤收缩开裂过程。结果表明:闵科夫斯基函数可以有效地描述裂隙形态;形态学分析结果显示裂隙的闵科夫斯基面积、长度、欧拉数密度函数具有不同的变化规律;应用数值方法模拟由于水分蒸发而引起土壤收缩开裂的二维裂隙,试验图像裂隙面积、长度、欧拉数密度基本分布在100组模拟图像裂隙密度均值与标准差之间,裂隙试验图像与模拟图像面积、长度、欧拉数密度决定系数在0.893~0.928之间,均方根误差在0.002~0.039之间,偏差在0.064~0.144之间,一致性指标大于0.888,表明模拟结果较好。应用数值方法模拟土壤表面裂隙,有助于研究农田土壤裂隙的形成机理以及土壤裂隙随时间变化过程中动态演化规律。