微生物菌肥对黄河上游地区设施土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

为了研究施入微生物菌肥对黄河上游地区设施土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,试验以设施哈蜜瓜土壤为研究对象,设7个处理,分别为EM的不同施用方式及另外3种不同微生物菌肥,另加CK处理,在哈蜜瓜生长的不同时期取土样测定微生物数量及酶活性。结果表明,在哈密瓜同一生长时期,各处理土壤细菌、放线菌数量均比CK多;整个生长时期内,细菌、放线菌数量均先增加后减少;真菌数量采收期较苗期和膨瓜期大幅度增加,但CK增加的幅度最大,数量最多;土壤脲酶活性呈下降趋势,蔗糖酶活性先降低后升高。因此,施入微生物菌肥有利于改善设施哈密瓜土壤的微生物结构,有助于促使土壤微生物从低肥的"真菌型"向高肥的"细菌型"土壤转化;增加土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶活性。表现突出的为处理2和处理6,即"叶面喷施+根部冲施EM原液"和"冲施氮磷钾‘A50',植株喷清水"。     

Automatic image analysis and spot classification for detection of fruit fly infestation in hyperspectral images of mangoes

Fruit fly infestation of mangos is a major concern for growers and exporters, leading to requirements for quarantine treatments such as vapor heat treatment or irradiation and subsequent reduction in quality and consumer acceptance. An on-line method for detection and removal of infested fruit would thus benefit producers and consumers. An algorithm has been developed to identify spots generated in hyperspectral images of mangoes infested with fruit fly larvae. The algorithm incorporates background removal, application of a Gaussian blur, thresholding, and particle count analysis to identify locations of infestations. Each of the four algorithm steps involves adjustable parameters which were iteratively tested to find the optimal combination for detection in terms of false positive and false negative results. For algorithm parameters selected to minimize false negative results, a false negative error rate of 1.0% was achieved with 11.1% false positive error and 6.0% overall error in heavily infested samples. For the same sample set, the lowest overall error rate achieved was 2.0%, with 1.0% false positive and 3.0% false negative. For samples with lower infestation rates, the error rates were much higher, the lowest overall error being 12.3%. This therefore demonstrates the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging for fruit fly detection while highlighting the need for technology with improved resolution and signal to noise ratio to allow detection of single larvae.     

Effect of fruit moving speed on predicting soluble solids content of ‘Cuiguan’ pears (Pomaceae pyrifolia Nakai cv. Cuiguan) using PLS and LS-SVM regression

Visible (Vis)/near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an excellent technique for non-destructive fruit quality assessment. This research was focused on evaluating the use of Vis/NIR spectroscopy for measuring soluble solids content (SSC) of intact ‘Cuiguan’ pears (Pomaceae pyrifolia Nakai cv. Cuiguan) on-line. Also, the effect of fruit moving speed on SSC measurements was investigated. Diffuse transmission spectra were collected using a fiber spectrometer equipped with a 3648-element linear silicon CCD array detector in the wavelength range of 345–1040 nm, and all sample spectra were collected three times at different fruit moving speeds of 0.3 m s^?1, 0.5 m s^?1 and 0.7 m s^?1. Spectral pre-processing such as derivative, standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was used before calibration. Partial least squares (PLS) and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) were used to develop calibration models for SSC. The results show that fruit moving speed has few effects on spectra and model performance at a fruit moving speed of 0.3–0.7 m s^?1. At 0.5 m s^?1, the best model for SSC was PLS regression coupled with original spectra, its coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) being 0.916% and 0.530%, respectively.     

Spectral difference analysis and airborne imaging classification for citrus greening infected trees

Citrus greening, also called Huanglongbing (HLB), became a devastating disease spread through citrus groves in Florida, since it was first found in 2005. Multispectral (MS) and hyperspectral (HS) airborne images of citrus groves in Florida were acquired to detect citrus greening infected trees in 2007 and 2010. Ground truthing including field and indoor spectral measurement, infection status along with GPS coordinates was conducted for both healthy and infected trees. Ground spectral measurements showed that healthy canopy had higher reflectance in the visible range, and lower reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) range than HLB infected canopy. Red edge position (REP) also showed notable difference between healthy and HLB canopy. But the difference in the NIR range and REP were comparably more sensitive to the environment or the background noise. Accuracy for separating HLB and healthy samples reached more than 90% when a simple REP threshold method was implemented in the ground reflectance datasets, regardless of field or indoor measurement; but it did not work well with the HS images because of its low spatial resolution. Support vector machine (SVM) was able to provide a fast, easy and adoptable way to build a mask for tree canopy. High positioning error of the ground truth in the 2007 HS image led to validation accuracy of less than 50% for most of classification methods. In the 2010 image from Southern Gardens (SG) grove, with better ground truth records, higher classification accuracies (about 90% in training sets, more than 60% in validation sets for most of the methods) were achieved. Disease density maps were also generated from the classification results of each method; most of them were able to identify the severely infected areas. Simpler classification methods such as minimum distance (MinDist) and Mahalanobis distance (MahaDist) showed more stable and balanced detection accuracy between the training and validation sets in the 2010 images. Their similar infection trend with ground scouted maps showed a promising future to manage HLB disease with airborne spectral imaging.     

农用灌溉机井水电双重计量系统设计

为提高农用机井灌溉用水利用率,改善传统收费方式,减少水资源浪费,设计研发了农用灌溉机井水电双重计量系统.通过划分管水、售水、用水3个功能模块,利用数据库技术,基于Internet及GPRS的数据传输技术、非接触IC卡射频识别技术,实现了对灌区用水的合理分配和水电计量,并针对目标用户和应用场合的特殊性给出了具体解决方案,在改善收费方式的同时提高了农业用水管理水平.     

Diffusivity of 1-methylcyclopropene in spinach and bok choi leaf tissue,disks of tomato and avocado fruit tissue,and whole tomato fruit

Gaseous 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been widely employed for delaying ripening and senescence of harvested fruit and vegetables; however, details on ingress of gaseous1-MCP in plant tissues, which might contribute to differences in responsiveness of different horticultural commodities to 1-MCP, have not been reported. In this study, we used spinach and bok choi leaves, disks from tomato epidermis, stem-scar and avocado-exocarp tissues, and whole tomato fruit to examine ingress of gaseous 1-MCP. Using a dual-flask system, equilibration of 20 μL L⁻¹ (831 μmol m⁻³) 1-MCP through leaf tissue was reached within 1–2 h, and paralleled 1-MCP transfer through glass-fiber filter paper. For disks derived from fruit tissues, changes in 1-MCP concentrations in the dual-flask system showed anomalous patterns, declining as much as 70% in source flasks with negligible accumulation in sink flasks. The pattern of 1-MCP distribution was markedly different from that of ethylene, which approached equal distribution with tomato stem-scar and avocado exocarp but not tomato epidermis tissues. 1-MCP ingress was further addressed by exposing whole tomato fruit to 20 μL L⁻¹ 1-MCP followed by sampling of internal fruit atmosphere. Tomato fruit accumulated internal gaseous 1-MCP rapidly, reaching approximately 8–9 μL L⁻¹ within 3–6 h at 20 °C. Internal 1-MCP concentration ([1-MCP]) declined around 74 and 94% at 1 and 3 h after exposure, respectively. Ingress was similar at all ripening stages and reduced by 45% in fruit coated with commercial wax. Blocking 1-MCP ingress through stem- and blossom-scar tissues reduced accumulation by around 60%, indicating that ingress also occurs through epidermal tissue. Fruit preloaded with 1-MCP and immersed in water for 2 h retained about 45% of post-exposure gaseous [1-MCP], indicating that 1-MCP is not rapidly sorbed or metabolized by whole tomato fruit. Rapid ingress of gaseous 1-MCP was also observed in tomato fruit exposed to aqueous 1-MCP. Both accumulation and post-exposure decline in internal gaseous [1-MCP] are likely to vary among different fruit and vegetables in accordance with inherent sorption-capacity, surface properties (e.g., waxes, stoma), volume and continuity of gas-filled intercellular spaces, and tissue hydration.     

基于多相机成像的玉米果穗考种参数高通量自动提取方法

实现玉米果穗考种性状的准确、快速获取是提高玉米育种效率的关键环节。该文在前期设计的玉米高通量自动化考种装置基础上,提出了一种基于多相机的玉米果穗考种参数提取方法,通过4个等间隔均匀分布的摄像头同时获取果穗4个方向图像,针对每副图像分别经过背景去除、投影模型构建、籽粒跟踪、考种参数提取等处理,最后根据4副图像的处理结果,综合计算穗长、穗粗、平均粒厚、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数等考种参数。在玉米高通量自动化考种装置的果穗考种模块上进行试验,结果表明,该文所提方法测得的穗长、穗粗、平均粒厚与人工方法测量值之间的决定系数R2分别为0.997 3、0.984和0.941 5,对穗行数、行粒数的测量精度分别为98.63%、95.35%,为玉米果穗考种参数提取提供了一种新思路,为高通量自动考种装置的实现奠定了基础。     

线扫描式拉曼高光谱成像技术无损检测奶粉三聚氰胺

为了实现颗粒状样本的大面积无损快速检测,该研究结合拉曼光谱和高光谱技术搭建了一套线扫描式拉曼高光谱检测系统,对奶粉和三聚氰胺颗粒混合样本进行了检测研究。研究通过高斯窗平滑法和air PLS基线校正方法分别消除了拉曼光谱中的噪声信号和荧光背景,选取三聚氰胺主要特征峰(671.71 cm-1)处的单波段图像作为是否含有三聚氰胺颗粒的判断依据。研究首先对三聚氰胺产生的拉曼信号在奶粉颗粒中的穿透深度进行了检测,随后完成了10种不同浓度的三聚氰胺奶粉混合样本的拉曼高光谱采集,对特征单波段图像中各像素点的拉曼强度平均值进行一元线性分析,并对单波段图像进行二值化处理。结果显示,在三聚氰胺特征单波段图像中,感兴趣区域内所有像素点的拉曼强度平均值与三聚氰胺浓度之间线性度较高,其决定系数R2达到了0.995 4。在二值图像中,三聚氰胺颗粒的位置信息能够直观的展现。研究结果表明,拉曼高光谱成像技术具有快速、无损和大面积检测的特点,在实际应用中具有巨大潜力。     

航空施药雾滴沉积特性光谱分析检测系统研发与应用

为快速获取航空施药雾滴沉积的连续分布特性,弥补传统离散样点取样方式检测不足,提升航空施药雾滴沉积特性检测准确性,该文结合光谱分析和荧光激发技术设计研发了基于光谱分析的航空施药沉积特性检测系统。系统包括信息采集模块、采集装置模块和数据处理模块3部分。配置质量分数1.0%的荧光示踪剂溶液,采用农用植保无人机现场喷洒作业,同步放置雾滴获取介质和水敏试纸样本采集雾滴分布,系统采集雾滴获取介质的光谱特征曲线。与水敏试纸图像分析获取的雾滴沉积特性参数结果对比分析,结果表明:雾滴获取介质上的荧光示踪剂在450~460 nm和500~520 nm波段范围内产生显著荧光效应,其光谱平均值与雾滴沉积特性参数呈显著正相关。计算出450~460 nm和500~520 nm波段范围光谱平均值,建立雾滴沉积特性参数的检测多元线性回归模型,建模决定系数达0.80以上,验证决定系数达0.83以上,达到了较为理想的拟合结果。     

果蔬品质手持式近红外光谱检测系统设计与试验

为满足果蔬加工过程快速检测和质量控制的实际需求,研发近红外光谱技术的低成本、实用化、小型化的果蔬品质手持式检测系统。在分析当前近红外光谱实用化过程的瓶颈问题的基础上,提出果蔬品质的手持式检测系统设计方案,阐述了硬件系统选择和软件系统构建,介绍了检测系统的工作原理;选用近红外微机电系统的数字微镜器件作为分光元件,以单点探测器获取检测信息,从而实现光谱检测系统的微型化设计和系统成本的显著降低。以检测番茄为例,利用设计的手持式检测系统,获取番茄900~1 700 nm范围的近红外光谱,利用先选择特征波段再优选波长的建模策略,分别建立了番茄中番茄红素和可溶性固形物含量的定量检测模型;可溶性固形物含量模型的预测相关系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.899和0.133%;番茄红素模型的预测相关系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.886和2.508 mg/kg。研究表明该系统能够满足果蔬品质的快速无损检测要求,可为实用化、小型化的手持式光谱检测仪设计和开发提供参考。