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41.
Mattia Fumagalli Marco Acutis Fabrizio Mazzetto Francesco Vidotto Guido Sali Luca Bechini 《European Journal of Agronomy》2011,34(2):71-82
In Lombardy region (northern Italy) agricultural systems are mostly based on cereals and forage crops, and are normally intensively cultivated. To monitor and analyse the most important agri-environmental issue of this area (water pollution by nitrates and plant protection products, non-renewable fossil energy exploitation, weed dynamics), we conducted an integrated agronomic, environmental and economic assessment of arable and dairy farming using indicators.The structural and management data about farming and cropping systems were collected by periodic interviews over a 3-year period in seven (three arable and four dairy) representative farms.The nitrogen surplus calculated at field scale ranged from low (27 kg N ha?1) to high (339 kg N ha?1) values, depending by the amount of chemical and organic fertilisers applied. Fossil inputs ranged from 11.2 to 46.0 GJ ha?1; the highest values were due to the high use of machinery and chemical inputs. The efficiency factor in energy transformation (an indicator of the dependence of food and feed production on non-renewable energy) ranged from 5.0 to 12.2. Large variability was also observed for economic performance (gross margin; from -364 to 1078 € ha?1). The lowest values were observed where the total costs of production (fixed and variable) were elevated. The simplification of cropping systems was responsible for a high probability of weed populations development. The values of Load Index, an indicator describing the potential toxicity of plant protection products on non-target organisms, showed an elevated use of active substances due to the dominance of maize.The indicator-based assessment, founded on a relatively simple data collection procedure, described crop management by combining different aspects into few quantities and highlighted its critical environmental issues. The work represents a starting point for improving cropping system management in the study area; the same procedure could be re-applied if data about improved management scenarios were available. 相似文献
42.
丹江口库区土壤氮磷养分流失特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
[目的]研究丹江口库区土壤的水土流失和非点源污染物氮磷流失的特点,为农业非点源污染模型的建立提供理论依据。[方法]通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了坡度和施肥等处理对产流产沙、氮磷养分(硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮、有效磷和总磷)流失特点的影响。[结果](1)随着坡度的增加,平均入渗率和初始产流时间呈减小趋势,而径流总量和泥沙总量呈增加趋势。(2)相同施肥处理下,随着坡度的增加,泥沙中硝态氮、总氮、有效磷和总磷的流失浓度呈减小趋势,铵态氮流失浓度在不施氮肥条件下呈减小趋势,而在施氮肥处理下呈增加趋势。(3)在相同坡度条件下,随降雨时间推移,总氮浓度呈先减小后趋于稳定的趋势;铵态氮浓度随施肥处理的变化均呈现出波浪形变化;在施氮肥时,径流中硝态氮的浓度随着时间的推移,呈逐渐减小并趋于平缓的趋势,而在不施氮肥时几乎无变化。[结论]在不同施肥措施和坡度条件下,硝态氮主要随径流而流失,为随泥沙流失的8~11倍;铵态氮主要是随径流泥沙而流失,为随径流流失的1~17倍;总氮则是随径流和径流泥沙共同流失;有效磷和总磷都是以泥沙结合态流失为主,分别为随径流流失的1 000~6 200和1~3倍。 相似文献
43.
Variation in spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter derived from rape straw of plants grown in Se-amended soil 下载免费PDF全文
JIA Wei ZHAO Xiao-hu ZHAO Yuan-yuan XU Jia-yang MING Jia-jia CAI Miao-miao HU Cheng-xiao 《农业科学学报》2020,19(7):1876-1884
Straw return is an effective management practice. It not only utilizes agricultural waste but also introduces dissolved organic matter(DOM) into the soil. Selenium(Se) is an essential trace element in the human diet and contributes to the popularity of Se-enriched agricultural products in the Chinese market. Moreover, there are still some Se-enriched agricultural products that have yet to be utilized. This study investigated whether Se addition in soil caused component changes in the DOM extracted from rape straw. DOM extracted from rape straw grown in soil with four Se levels(0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se kg–1 soil) was characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The UVvisible spectra revealed that 0.1 mg Se kg–1 soil reduced the molecular weight of DOM and caused the presence of more irreplaceable aromatic structures in the substituent groups of the DOM, while 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se kg–1 soil only reduced the DOM molecular weight. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that Se improved the humification degree but reduced the aromaticity of DOM. FTIR spectra proved that Se altered the contents of carboxylic acids, amino acids, alcohols and aromatic heterocycles in DOM, which were maximized in the 0.5 and 1.0 mg Se kg–1 treatment groups. We concluded that Se application could change the composition of DOM extracted from rape straw, potentially impacting the nutrient bioavailability in soil. This study provides basic data on Se-enriched rape straw utilization for eco-agriculture. 相似文献
44.
缺钾对油菜主序产量性状的影响及施钾效果 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
在大田试验条件下设置施钾(+K)与不施钾(–K)处理,研究缺钾土壤上施钾对油菜产量的影响,并重点研究主序不同部位产量性状对施钾反应的差异。结果表明,缺钾土壤上施用钾肥油菜产量显著提高,增产量为1 321 kg/hm2,增产率达111%,同时单株角果数和每角粒数显著增加,增幅分别达50.1%和9.2%。施钾显著提高单株主序籽粒重、单株主序角果数和每角粒数,增幅分别为33.6%、21.6%和10.3%。施钾对主序不同部位籽粒重、角果数和每角粒数的提高程度不同,其中对主序上部的影响显著大于主序中下部;与不施钾相比,施钾主序上部籽粒重、角果数和每角粒数分别提高69.6%、41.7%和20.1%,该序段相应的钾积累量提高124.4%。综合结果表明,钾肥施用显著提高油菜籽产量,主要途径是增加了角果数和每角粒数,从油菜果序产量性状看,钾素对果序上部的影响显著大于果序中下部。 相似文献
45.
两种保护性耕作对土壤养分、结构和产量的影响 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
在湖北省武穴市和荆州市的长期定位试验基础上,研究不同水旱轮作制度和试验周期下,两种保护性耕作措施(秸秆还田、免耕)及配施钾肥对于不同土层(0~20 cm和20~40 cm)农田土壤养分和结构的影响。结果表明:(1)在两个地区,0~20 cm土层土壤中各养分含量均显著高于20~40 cm土层,且20~40 cm土层土壤中各处理之间变化规律不明显。在0~20 cm土层土壤中,免耕、秸秆还田以及施用钾肥均能有效提高土壤中各养分含量;(2)免耕、秸秆还田以及施用钾肥均能提高0~20 cm土层土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的百分含量,且各处理的提高效果不尽相同。但是在20~40 cm土层土壤中,各处理之间没有明显规律;(3)秸秆还田能够减小土壤容重(减小5%),增加0~20 cm土层土壤总孔隙度,通气孔隙度,毛管孔隙度和土壤含水量,并增强土壤保持水分的能力。免耕处理效果却相反,施用钾肥处理的容重和孔隙度没明显变化;(4)秸秆还田和配施钾肥均能够显著增加油菜产量(增产了18%),免耕处理却不然。油菜产量和0~20 cm土壤养分(速效钾、有机碳)显著正相关(相关系数分别是0.989和0.963)。 相似文献
46.
为探究微塑料输入与秸秆添加对农田土壤氮淋溶的影响,以潮土和黄棕壤为研究对象,每种土壤各设置8个处理,包括对照(CK)、低量微塑料(PE1)、中量微塑料(PE2)、高量微塑料(PE3)、秸秆(S)、秸秆+低量微塑料(S+PE1)、秸秆+中量微塑料(S+PE2)、秸秆+高量微塑料(S+PE3),研究了添加秸秆与不添加秸秆条件下,不同微塑料输入量对土壤氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,仅添加微塑料条件下,与对照(CK)相比,潮土PE1、PE2、PE3处理总氮(TN)淋溶量均无显著差异,黄棕壤仅PE1处理显著增加了TN淋溶量。在添加秸秆(S)处理中,与对照(CK)相比,潮土添加秸秆后显著降低了硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、TN淋溶量,分别降低了31.15%、13.45%、15.26%,黄棕壤添加秸秆后显著增加了TN淋溶量,增加了22.56%。添加秸秆处理相较于不添加秸秆处理,潮土各浓度微塑料输入下NO3--N、NH4+-N、TN的累计淋溶量呈降低趋势,而黄棕壤低量微塑料输入降低了TN淋溶量,高量微塑料输入增加了TN淋溶量。偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)分析表明,在潮土中添加秸秆主要通过影响淋溶液pH和NO3--N淋溶量影响氮素淋溶,微塑料添加量对氮淋溶无显著影响;在黄棕壤中添加秸秆主要通过影响淋溶液NO3--N、NH4+-N淋溶量影响氮淋溶,微塑料添加量主要通过影响淋溶液NH4+-N淋溶量影响氮淋溶。研究结果可为农田土壤微塑料污染风险的管控及减少土壤氮素的淋失提供依据。 相似文献
47.
稻草覆盖对红壤旱坡地水力性质及水分状况的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探明红壤旱坡地应用稻草覆盖的雨季和旱季保水作用,在湖北省咸宁市第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红壤8°坡地上开展田间试验,以不覆盖为对照,研究稻草覆盖对红壤的持水性、水分有效性、供水性、导水性、含水量及储水量的影响。结果表明:稻草覆盖改善了土壤的持水性和水分有效性,覆盖当年土壤田间持水量、凋萎系数和有效水容量分别比对照提高6.0%、7.3%和4.4%;稻草覆盖显著减缓了雨季红壤表层饱和导水率的下降幅度,尤其是大雨期间保护地表饱和导水性的作用更明显,102.8 mm的降雨结束之后,稻草覆盖的土壤平均饱和导水率是对照的2.7倍;稻草覆盖对土壤的供水性及非饱和导水性的影响表现为低吸力段增强,高吸力段减弱;土壤储水量在集中降雨阶段的上升幅度和在降雨间歇期的下降幅度都表现为稻草覆盖对照。总体上,土壤储水量均表现为稻草覆盖对照;稻草覆盖增加雨季土壤储水量主要通过增加入渗,而增加旱季土壤储水量主要通过减少蒸散发;稻草覆盖增加雨季土壤储水量的作用有限,且保水作用雨季旱季。因此,稻草覆盖在红壤旱坡地上的雨季和旱季的保水途径、特点及作用大小都不同。 相似文献
48.
《Geoderma》2001,99(1-2):123-145
The quantification and interpretation of aggregate stability depend on internal soil properties and external factors such as measurement method and aggregate size. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the aggregate stability in Ultisols from subtropical China applying the Le Bisssonais Method; (ii) determine the effect of initial aggregate size on its stability, and (iii) interpret mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in the soils. Three aggregate-size ranges (5–3, 3–2 and 2–1 mm) were obtained by dry sieving. After the wetting treatments, the dominant fraction of fragments for each soil was 2–1 mm or 0.63–0.2 mm. The mechanisms of aggregate breakdown was in the order, slaking>mechanical breakdown>micro-cracking. They differed with soil type and composition. The normalized mean weight diameter (NMWD) of the aggregates after fast wetting and wet stirring were more correlated with soil properties, such as degree of micro-aggregation (DOA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), K2O, Fe2O3 or Al2O3 rather than clay and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The binding force by soil organic matter was smaller than the force caused by entrapped air or the force of combination of mechanical stress by stirring and differential swelling of minerals.The smaller the aggregate, the larger was the aggregate stability according to NMWD. The rankings of the soils differed with the soil aggregate sizes and the wetting treatments. Sandy loams from sandstone (Sc and Sw) were the weakest soils while the purple mudstone (Pp) was the strongest. All the cultivated soils decreased in aggregate stability compared with the comparable uncultivated soils or parent materials irrespective of the cultivation time and the changes in SOC content after cultivation. 相似文献
49.
Flooding effects on soil phenol oxidase activity and phenol release during rice straw decomposition 下载免费PDF全文
Shurong Liu Ronggui Hu Jinsong Zhao Nicolas Brüggemann Roland Bol Gaochao Cai Shan Lin Muhammad Shaaban 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(4):541-547
Phenol oxidase (Pox) plays a key role in soil C cycle and its presence may affect soil C mineralization during crop residue decomposition. To examine soil dynamics and relationships between Pox, phenols, Fe2+, and C mineralization, we designed a 53‐d laboratory experiment conducted with and without rice straw addition and under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The results demonstrate that rice straw can indeed decompose faster under flooded conditions. The addition of rice straw significantly increased soil Pox activity (up to 15‐fold), but only under flooded conditions. Rice straw application increased alkali extractable phenol (AEP) concentration by 129% at day 4. However, flooded conditions reduced soil AEP by 61% and 49% at day 53 with and without rice straw application, respectively. Phenol oxidase activity was positively correlated with dissolved organic C and Fe2+, while negatively related to AEP, which itself was positively correlated with C mineralization (i.e., CO2 emission rates). Also, all relationships between soil Pox, AEP, Fe2+, and C were stronger under flooded conditions. We therefore conclude that flooded conditions in paddy soil may promote straw decomposition as a result of the stimulation of Pox activity and phenol decomposition. 相似文献
50.
早稻、晚稻和中稻干物质积累及氮素吸收利用的差异 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2