Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions,yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation

To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas, a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi, Northwest China. Four types of biodegradable mulches, traditional plastic mulchs and a control group (bare land; referred to as CK) were compared, including a total of six different treatments. Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined. In addition, a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed. Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation. Our results show that, compared with CK, biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5% and 1.5%-3.0% in the middle and late growth periods (P<0.050), respectively. The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows. Compared with plastic mulch, the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C (P<0.050) at the seedling stage and the full growth period, respectively, and the water use efficiency, average fruit yield, and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%, 3.39%-8.69%, and 0.51%-6.33% (P<0.050), respectively. The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition. Therefore, from the perspective of sustainable development, biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.     

水肥互作对滴灌红枣产量、品质与土壤养分的影响

以成龄红枣为试验材料,设置2个灌溉水平(W1,6 000 m³·hm^-2;W2,6 600 m³·hm^-2)和3个基肥水平(S1、S2、S3,生物有机肥施用量分别为1 200、1 650、2 100 kg·hm^-2),以不施用生物有机肥的作为对照(W1CK,W2CK),共8个处理,开展田间试验。结果表明:同一灌溉水平下,随生物有机肥施用量的增加,红枣梢长、梢粗、叶绿素相对含量、果实形态,及0~150 cm土壤有效钾、速效磷、铵态氮含量逐渐增加。在相同生物有机肥施用量下,随灌水量增加,0~150 cm土壤有效钾、速效磷、铵态氮含量减少。与对照(CK)相比,W1和W2灌溉水平下施用生物有机肥处理的单株产量分别增加4.65%~19.83%和8.17%~19.08%。施加生物有机肥可提高红枣的总糖、维生素C、可溶性固形物含量,降低总酸含量。各处理对比,W1S3处理的果实形态、单株产量和品质指标均不劣于W2CK处理。基于新疆干旱少雨的气候特点,在6 000 m³·hm^-2的灌溉水平下配施2 100 kg·hm^-2的生物有机肥,可替代当地常规灌溉施肥方案,较适宜于南疆干旱地区的红枣种植。     

犁底层深度对膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移影响的模拟研究

为了探寻膜下滴灌条件下犁底层深度对土壤水盐运移的影响规律,采用室内土柱模拟试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同犁底层深度（无犁底层,CK;25 cm深度,PB25;30 cm深度,PB30;35 cm深度,PB35;40 cm深度,PB40;45 cm深度,PB45）下土壤水盐运移规律进行了研究,结果表明:犁底层可以阻碍水分运移,降低水分入渗速率且有一定的阻水性,蒸发结束后PB处理表层10 ~ 20 cm土壤含水率比CK处理大;犁底层有一定的抑盐作用,CK处理上部10 ~ 20 cm土层的“洗盐”效果比PB处理好,蒸发结束后上部10 ~ 20 cm土层盐分最大的是PB30处理,最小的是PB45处理;利用HYDRUS-1D模型对膜下滴灌条件下犁底层对土壤水盐运移的变化规律进行模拟,经过实测数据验证,模拟效果较好。在现行以旋耕为主的传统耕作模式下,可根据不同作物根系吸水和耐盐的特点适度深耕打破犁底层,为作物生长创造适宜的水盐环境。研究结果可为新疆地区盐碱地改良、农业生产可持续发展提供参考。     

灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响

为探究不同灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生理特性及产量的影响,设置4个灌溉水温梯度分别为15(正常灌溉水温),20,25,30 ℃,2个灌溉时段分别为日间、夜间(分别记为DW,NW)进行完全组合设计,共计8个处理.结果表明,增温灌溉提前了棉花生育进程,促进了棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积增长,有利于棉花光合作用的进行,且在夜间进行增温灌溉效果更显著.增温灌溉使棉花产量显著提高2.95%~14.13%,夜间灌溉较日间灌溉棉花产量平均提高3.34%.基于回归分析确定提高棉花产量的最佳灌溉时段为夜间,最佳灌溉水温为26.38 ℃,对应的产量为7 482.96 kg/hm².该研究可为北疆膜下滴灌棉花实施增温灌溉技术提供理论依据和技术参考.     

不同残膜量对土壤水盐运移及棉花生长发育的影响

为了研究不同残膜量对棉田土壤水盐运移及棉花生长的影响,通过大田试验设置150 kg·hm^-2（T1）、230 kg·hm^-2（T2）、465 kg·hm^-2（T3）、857 kg·hm^-2（T4）、1 250 kg·hm^-2（T5）、1 640 kg·hm^-2（T6）以及原位土512 kg·hm^-2（CK1）和无残膜（CK2）等8个残膜量梯度,测定棉花全生育期土壤体积含水率、灌水后盐分变化动态、株高、茎粗、叶面积产量。结果表明：随着残膜量的增加,0～60 cm剖面土壤体积含水率逐渐减少,其中0～20 cm土壤体积含水率减少幅度最大;花铃期随灌水后天数的增加土壤含盐量逐渐增多,且残膜量越多盐分分布越不均匀;棉花各生育期株高、茎粗、叶面积以及产量均表现为随残膜量的增加逐渐减小,且在残膜量为150 kg·hm^-2时达到最大;当残膜量大于857 kg·hm^-2时,棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积和产量下降幅度...     

Promoting the production of salinized cotton field by optimizing water and nitrogen use efficiency under drip irrigation

Cotton is the main economically important crop in Xinjiang, China, but soil salinization and shortage of water and nutrients have restricted its production. A field experiment was carried out in the salinity-affected arid area of Northwest China from 2018 to 2019 to explore the effects of nitrogen and water regulation on physiological growth, yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies, and economic benefit of cotton. The salinity levels were 7.7 (SL) and 12.5 dS/m (SM). Drip irrigation was used with low, medium and adequate irrigation levels representing 60%, 80% and 100% of cotton crop water demand, respectively, and three nitrogen applications, i.e., 206, 275 and 343 kg/hm², accounting for 75%, 100% and 125% of local N application, respectively were used. The multi-objective optimization based on spatial analysis showed that, at SL salinity, water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), economic benefit and yield simultaneously reached more than 85% of their maxima at 379.18-398.32 mm irrigation and 256.69-308.87 kg/hm². At SM salinity, WUE, yield and economic benefit simultaneously reached more than 85% of their maxima when irrigation was 351.24-376.30 mm and nitrogen application was 230.18-289.89 kg/hm². NUE, yield and economic benefit simultaneously reached their maxima at 428.01-337.72 mm irrigation, and nitrogen application range was 222.14-293.93 kg/hm². The plants at SL salinity had 21.58%-46.59% higher WUE rates, 14.91%-34.35% higher NUE rates and 20.71%-35.34% higher yields than those at SM salinity. The results are of great importance for the nutrient and water management in cotton field in the arid saline area.     

Effects of different irrigation methods on shedding and yield of cotton

In general, cotton is irrigated by surface methods in Turkey although sprinkler and drip irrigation have been suggested as a means of supplying most types of crops with frequent and uniform applications of water, adaptable over a wide range of topographic and soil conditions. Recently, sprinkler irrigation systems have been introduced for cotton as a result of increased pressure to develop new irrigation technology suited to limited water supply as well as to specific topographic and soil conditions. In this study, the effects of three different irrigation methods (furrow, sprinkler and drip) on seed-cotton yield, shedding ratio and certain yield components are presented. The research was carried out in The Southeastern Anatolia Region (GAP) of Turkey from 1991 to 1994. The maximum cotton yields were 4380, 3630 and 3380 kg/ha for drip, furrow and sprinkler irrigation, respectively. Drip irrigation produced 21% more seed-cotton than the furrow method and 30% more than the sprinkler method. Water use efficiencies (WUE) proved to be 4.87, 3.87 and 2.36 kg/ha/mm for drip, furrow and sprinkler, respectively. Shedding ratios ranged from 50.8 to 59.0% (furrow), 52.9 to 64.8% (sprinkler), 50.8 to 56.8% (drip), depending on the amount of water applied. The shedding ratio for sprinkler irrigation was significantly higher than that of either furrow (P=0.10) or drip irrigation (P=0.05), resulting in lower seed-cotton yield for sprinkler irrigation. For all methods, a quadratic relationship was found between the amount of water applied and shedding ratios, with the least shedding occurring between 1000 and 1500 mm of water. Both limited and over-irrigation increased the shedding ratio for all methods. Accordingly, a lower boll number per plant and a lower seed-cotton yield were obtained from sprinkler-irrigated cotton; a significantly decreasing linear relationship between the shedding ratio and the total cotton yield and boll number per plant.     

干旱绿洲区3种典型农田防护林的水分来源

[目的]研究对农田有重要防护作用的农田防护林在农田节水灌溉模式下的水分利用机制,为本地区农田和农田防护林的优化灌溉提供参考。[方法]利用稳定氧同位素(δ~(18) O)研究干旱绿洲区常见农田防护林胡杨(Populus euphratica)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)和榆树(Ulmus pumila)在农田节水灌溉模式下的水分利用机制,根据直接判断法、IsoSource模型和吸水深度模型3种方法对结果进行了对比分析。[结果]不同时间,不同树种防护林水分利用来源不同。其中4月胡杨主要使用10—20cm的浅层土壤水,贡献率为83.3%;沙枣主要使用80—120cm和120—160cm的深层土壤水,其贡献率分别为50.6%和16.9%;榆树主要使用50—300cm的深层土壤水和地下水,累计贡献率为82.5%;5月胡杨主要利用浅层0—30cm的土壤水,贡献率为57.1%;沙枣和榆树转而利用表层0—10cm的土壤水,其贡献率分别为50.8%和52.7%;6月胡杨利用0—20cm浅层土壤水和地下水,贡献率分别为38.7%和10.5%;沙枣有76.9%的水分来源于10—20cm的浅层土壤;榆树主要水分来源中有49.1%来自于0—80cm,另有12.3%来自于地下水。同时研究得出胡杨4—6月的平均吸水深度分别为18,28,25cm,沙枣的平均吸水深度分别为118,37,34cm;榆树的平均吸水深度分别为95,37,29cm。[结论]选择农田防护林树种时,在保证防护林防护效益的同时,应选择搭配以深层土壤水或地下水为主要水分来源的种类,从而更加高效地发挥农田防护林的防护作用。     

新疆管道输水灌溉技术的应用条件及面对的问题

针对新疆目前田间节水灌溉技术的应用状况以及输水工程存在的问题,结合新疆的地形、气候以及田间微喷灌技术对水质的要求,指出了新疆发展管道输配水灌溉系统的有利应用条件和必要性,介绍了国内外管道输配水灌溉系统的发展状况和取得的效益,提出了新疆发展管道输配水灌溉系统应解决的关键问题以及由此而获得的效益。     

玛纳斯河肯斯瓦特以上流域近55年降水量变化特性分析

根据玛纳斯河肯斯瓦特水文站1956～2010年逐月观测的降水资料,运用线性回归,5年滑动平均,累计距平,Mann-Kendall以及EMD的分析方法,分析了玛纳斯河流域降水量的年内、年际、年代际变化特征。结果表明:近55年来,玛纳斯河流域降水量年内分配不均匀,主要集中在4～8月份,占年降水量的70.19%;年际变化大,总趋势以4.42mm/10a的变化率增加,但该趋势在0.05水平上不显著,降水变化具有明显的阶段性;年降水量变化存在准6～8年、准10～14年、准23～26年、准52年的波动周期。