快速城镇化背景下西部工业城市周边农村留守老人生存现状调查——以宝鸡市为例

为了了解宝鸡市留守老人的生存现状,为政府部门解决留守老人问题制定政策提供一定的参考依据。以入户访谈的方式对宝鸡市3个县区的354位留守老人的生活现状进行调查,结果显示,宝鸡农村留守老人的生活现状如下：身体健康状况较差,村级诊所无法满足留守老人需求;经济来源单一,物质生活水平低;精神文化生活欠缺,目前无村级老年人活动中心之类场所;隔代教育压力大,生活无人照料。要改善和提高宝鸡农村留守老人的生存状况,就要进一步完善新型农村合作医疗制度;多种方法增加留守老人收入;成立村级老年人活动中心;组织建立托儿所、学前班,缓解留守老人隔代教育压力。     

黄土丘陵区典型农耕地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化

[目的]揭示黄土丘陵区典型农耕地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化及其影响因素,为黄土高原地区农耕地土壤侵蚀控制、水土保持和有限水资源的有效利用提供理论依据和数据支撑。[方法]运用双环法,以黄土丘陵区典型农作物种植地为研究对象,通过入渗试验对不同作物地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化进行研究。[结果]典型农耕种植地土壤稳定入渗率具有明显季节变化(p0.05)。不同作物地土壤稳定入渗率的季节变化趋势存在差异。种植3种作物地与裸地的土壤稳定入渗率具有显著性差异(p0.05)。种植马铃薯地平均土壤稳定入渗率最大,其次是大豆地和谷子地。农事活动、容重、孔隙度和作物根系生长是影响农耕地土壤稳定入渗率季节变化的主要因素。[结论]黄土丘陵区典型农耕地土壤稳定入渗率具有明显的季节变化,该变化主要是由农事活动、容重、土壤孔隙度和作物根系生长等因素所导致。     

黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤稳定入渗率生长季变化

运用双环法,探讨了黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤稳定入渗率生长季的变化。结果表明:(1)赖草地土壤稳定入渗率在生长季内呈现出"W"型显著的季节变化趋势(P0.05),紫花苜蓿地土壤稳定入渗率则无显著的生长季变化(P0.05)。在草地生长季,赖草地土壤稳定入渗率值的变化范围为1.61~4.53 mm·min~(-1),平均值为2.89 mm·min~(-1)。赖草地土壤稳定入渗率最小值出现在抽穗期(1.61 mm·min~(-1)),最大值出现在种子成熟期(4.53 mm·min~(-1))。紫花苜蓿地土壤稳定入渗率值的变化范围为2.12~2.3 mm·min~(-1),平均值为2.23 mm·min~(-1)。紫花苜蓿地土壤稳定入渗率最小值出现在种子成熟初期,在旁枝形成期、开花期和种子成熟末期出现最大值2.3mm·min~(-1)。(2)赖草地与裸地的土壤稳定入渗率具有显著性差异(P0.05),紫花苜蓿地与裸地则无显著性差异(P0.05),赖草地的平均土壤稳定入渗率最大(2.89±1.03 mm·min~(-1)),其次是紫花苜蓿地(2.23±0.09 mm·min~(-1));(3)土壤容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度等土壤属性生长季的变化是影响黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤稳定入渗率生长季变化的主要因素;(4)利用土壤容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度等参数可以很好地模拟黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤稳定入渗率生长季的变化(R20.86,NSE0.86)。     

Formation and movement of groundwater in the thick loess-palaeosol sequences of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Permeability and water-bearing space are important hydrological characteristics of the loess strata. In this study a systematic experiment was conducted to measure the magnetic susceptibility, grain size, porosity, and infiltration rate of the loess and palaeosol layers on a loess tableland of the central Chinese Loess Plateau, in order to investigate the differences in hydrological conditions between the loess and palaeosol layers. The magnetic susceptibility of the loess layer was lower than that of the palaeosol layer, but the average quasi-steady infiltration rate was about 0.31 mm min~(-1) higher, the coarse silt and very fine sand contents were about7.1% greater, and the porosity was about 5.7% higher. These differences were mainly due to pedogenesis, which was affected by the Quaternary climate. The pedogenesis differences between the loess and palaeosol layers resulted in hydrological property differences in terms of permeability and water-bearing space. The loess layer had a higher permeability and more water-bearing space than the palaeosol layer, which meant that the loess layer is more likely to form aquifers and the palaeosol layer is more prone to form aquitards.The groundwater in the loess strata had a multilayered characteristic, which depended on the relative impermeability of palaeosol layer and the alternate deposition of loess-palaeosol layers. The hydrological characteristics of the loess strata demonstrated that the Quaternary climate had an important control function on the formation and movement of groundwater. This knowledge provides a reliable theoretical basis for water resource development and utilization on the Chinese Loess Plateau, and this study extends the application of Quaternary climate change theory to hydrological systems in loess deposits.