产量和株型性状良好的抗晚斑病花生新种质创制

花生晚斑病抗性常与不良的产量和株型性状相连锁,为发现更多综合性状优良的抗晚斑病品种,以感病亲本中花5号和抗病亲本ICGV 86699及其杂交构建的重组自交系群体（recombined inbreed lines, RIL）为材料,进行晚斑病抗性、产量和株型相关性状的调查,以筛选综合性状优良的抗病新种质。结果表明,4个环境下共发现18个稳定高抗和26个稳定中抗晚斑病的家系;在两个环境中对百果重和单株结果数进行考察,筛选出38个百果重（≥180.0 g）和单株果数（≥20.0个）都比较大的家系;同样,在两个环境中筛选出主茎高（30～60 cm）和总分枝数（≤20.0个）适中的家系54个。综合分析晚斑病病害等级、产量和株型相关性状,共鉴定出4份产量和株型相关性状优良的抗晚斑病新种质,其中1份高抗晚斑病,3份为中抗晚斑病。该研究结果为培育综合性状优良的抗晚斑病花生品种奠定了理论和材料基础。     

Exogenous application of a low concentration of melatonin enhances salt tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seedlings

Melatonin is a naturally occurring compound in plants. Here, we tested the effect of exogenous melatonin on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) grown under salt stress. Application of 30 μmol L~(–1) melatonin alleviated salt-induced growth inhibition, and the shoot fresh weight, the shoot dry weight, the root fresh weight, and the root dry weight of seedlings treated with exogenous melatonin increased by 128.2, 142.9, 122.2, and 124.2%, respectively, compared to those under salt stress. In addition, several physiological parameters were evaluated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX) were enhanced by 16.5, 19.3, and 14.2% compared to their activities in plants without exogenous melatonin application under salt stress, while the H_2O_2 content was decreased by 11.2% by exogenous melatonin. Furthermore, melatonin treatment promoted solute accumulation by increasing the contents of proline(26.8%), soluble sugars(15.1%) and proteins(58.8%). The results also suggested that higher concentrations(50 μmol L~(–1)) of melatonin could attenuate or even prevent the beneficial effects on seedling development. In conclusion, application of a low concentration of exogenous melatonin to rapeseed plants under salt stress can improve the H_2O_2-scavenging capacity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT and APX, and can also alleviate osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances such as soluble proteins, proline, and water soluble glucan. Ultimately, exogenous melatonin facilitates root development and improves the biomass of rapeseed seedlings grown under salt stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of salt stress in rapeseed seedlings.     

农作物抗倒性研究进展

由于品种选用不当、过量施肥、种植密度增大和外界自然环境等因素的影响,倒伏已经成为农作物生产中面临的最为严峻的问题之一。对水稻、玉米、小麦、大麦、油菜等主要农作物中已有的抗倒性评价方法进行了介绍和比较,分析了影响作物倒伏的主要内在和外在因素,并综述了当前在抗倒性相关性状遗传规律、QTL定位、基因克隆与功能分析等方面取得的研究进展,指出了抗倒性研究存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

甘蓝型油菜抗寒性鉴定方法的建立和种质资源筛选

为筛选可利用的抗寒种质资源,建立了甘蓝型油菜抗寒性鉴定方法：将3叶期到4叶期的幼苗经4℃预处理（低温锻炼）24h,然后分别做4种冷冻处理（-2℃1h、-2℃1h+-4℃1h、-2℃1h+-4℃1h +-6℃1h）,随后统计存活率,计算抗寒指数,评估抗寒性。通过该方法对来自国内外的226份油菜资源进行抗寒性评价,结果表明：4种冷冻处理下,供试材料的存活率差别明显,抗寒指数范围是0~52。从中筛选出6份强抗寒性的种质,抗寒指数大于33;根据不同生态区划分,冬性、半冬性和春性材料的平均抗寒指数分别为8.10、7.70和9.10,春性材料抗寒性最优,也说明鉴定方法具有准确性。     

甘蓝型油菜茎秆强度性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为辅助抗倒伏育种,了解甘蓝型油菜茎秆强度的遗传调控,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析方法,对M417 × Brongoro（MB）组合和浙油18 × Brongoro（ZB）组合六个世代（P1、P2、F1、B1:2、B2:2和F2:3）的茎秆强度性状进行遗传分析。结果显示：甘蓝型油菜茎秆强度性状的最佳遗传模型为MX2-ADI-ADI,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型,表明该性状受2对主基因和微效多基因共同控制,以主基因遗传为主,MB组合和ZB组合的平均主基因遗传率分别为19.46%和69.93%。2对主基因的加性效应和显性效应在MB组合中作用方向相反,而在ZB组合中作用方向相同,同时还存在多种上位性效应。两个组合中环境变异占表型变异的54.68%和13.23%,说明环境对茎秆强度性状具有较大影响。     

花生主要品质性状的QTL定位分析

本研究以远杂9102×徐州68-4杂交后代衍生的重组自交系(RIL)的188个家系为材料,连续3年种植后检测其含油量及脂肪酸含量。结果表明,该RIL群体的含油量及脂肪酸变异丰富,从中获得了含油量稳定高于高值亲本的后代材料1份,油酸含量稳定高于高值亲本的材料23份。RIL群体的含油量、油酸和亚油酸含量以及油酸/亚油酸比的广义遗传力分别为0.849、0.761、0.874和0.887,表明这些性状的变异主要受基因型控制。利用前期构建的SSR遗传连锁图,结合3年主要品质性状鉴定数据,共检测到82个相关QTL,分布在11个连锁群上,其中与含油量、油酸、亚油酸和油酸/亚油酸比(油亚比)相关的QTL分别为15、21、21和25个,贡献率大于10%的主效QTL有23个,2年能重复检测到QTL有8个,3年重复检测到的有4个。其中,本研究新鉴定出的主效QTL有7个,重复性好的有5个,尤其是LG2上区间GM2839-GNB159,3年均定位到与油酸和油亚比相关的QTL,2年定位到与亚油酸相关的QTL,贡献率为5.80%~28.14%,该区间只有1.63c M。这些QTL的获得对于花生品质性状改良中亲本选配、后代标记辅助选择以及QTL精细定位具有重要意义。     

磷脂分析方法与应用研究进展

磷脂是所有活体细胞膜的主要成分,具有重要的结构和功能特性。对其进行高效分析,有助于深入理解特定的磷脂如何在正常生理或疾病状态发挥作用,更能为磷脂的生物学特性和营养特性的深入研究提供技术平台。由于自然界和生物体内存在的磷脂种类繁多,且每种磷脂骨架上可以结合的脂肪酸很多,导致其组成变化大,对磷脂的分析一直比较困难。随着分析技术的发展,磷脂分析方法的研究越来越多,综述了磷脂的结构及生物学功能、提取方法、分离方法、质谱鉴定方法、定量分析方法及在脂质组学中的应用等几个方面,并对磷脂分析的发展方向进行了展望,以期为磷脂分析方法的建立,以及磷脂生物学特性和营养特性的深入研究提供参考。     

The influence of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and combustion quality of whole grain crops for solid fuel use

Whole grain crops can be suitable for the production of solid biofuels because they have a high biomass yield and can be harvested with a low water concentration. The concentrations of water, ash, nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K) in solid biofuels should be as low as possible and calcium (Ca) concentrations high to avoid technical problems and environmentally harmful emissions during the combustion process. Since N fertilization can negatively influence the combustion quality of biomass, a conflict between yield and quality aims can arise. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the dosage of N fertilization on the yield and quality of the whole crop biomass of triticale, rye and wheat. In 1996 and 1997, field trials with winter triticale, winter rye and winter wheat were conducted at three locations in South-West Germany. N fertilizer doses were varied from 0 to 70 and 140 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. All N doses were applied between March and May. The whole crop biomass was harvested. The water concentrations and concentrations of ash, N, K, Cl and Ca in straw and grain were measured. A dose of 70 kg N significantly increased the yield of all cereal species, but yield increases at 140 kg N were not always significant when compared with 70 kg N. At 70 kg N the energy yields reached 137–249 GJ ha⁻¹, for wheat, 142–263 GJ ha⁻¹ for rye and 182–250 GJ ha⁻¹ for triticale. The water concentration of the biomass, mainly of the straw, was significantly increased by N fertilization when the harvest was performed early at comparatively high water concentrations. For all cereal species a significant increase of N concentrations, especially in the grain, was measured at increased N fertilizer levels. The K concentrations of the straw and the Ca concentrations of straw and grain of all cereal species were also increased by N fertilization. N fertilization had little or no effect on the ash and Cl concentrations, which slightly decreased with increased N fertilization. N fertilization can, therefore, be used as a tool to influence the concentrations of N and K in the biomass. When combining yield and quality aims, 70–100 kg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ N fertilizer was the best dosage for the whole grain crops at the southwestern German locations tested here.     

人工合成油菜与栽培油菜F1主要性状的杂种优势

以4个人工合成甘蓝型油菜（Resynthesized rapeseed lines, RS）与4个栽培油菜（Brassica napus, BN）为亲本,按Grifings I 法进行完全双列杂交,将产生的56个F1组合分为人工合成种×人工合成种（RS×RS）、人工合成种与栽培油菜杂交种（NRF1）和栽培油菜×栽培油菜（BN×BN）三种类型,并系统分析NRF1农艺性状和产量性状的杂种优势。结果表明,与对照中双10号（ZS10）相比,NRF1在株高、分枝高、分枝长、分枝数和主花序长等农艺性状表现出较高的优势。32个NRF1组合的单株产量中,有7个表现正向对照优势,占22%,其中05R1×XY15的单株产量为24.47g,在所有参试材料中居第二位,说明人工合成甘蓝型油菜杂种优势具有利用可能性。产量组成因子分析结果表明,NRF1的平均单株角果数（436.96）极显著高于RS×RS（416.19）和BN×BN组合（370.89）;千粒重在三种类型组合中无显著差异;每角粒数则表现为BN×BN（17.35）> NR F1（11.58）>RS×RS（8.28）,说明每角粒数是NRF1杂种产量与产量杂种优势的主要限制因子。