先旱后涝胁迫下水稻茎蘖及株高动态响应

为了解先旱后涝胁迫下水稻的茎蘖和株高生长动态,采用测坑试验方法研究先旱后涝胁迫对水稻分蘖数和株高的影响,根据分蘖变化拟合分析了水稻茎蘖消长动力学模型,根据株高动态变化拟合了Logistic增长模型.试验结果表明:先旱后涝胁迫过程在分蘖期和拔节孕穗期均不同程度地抑制水稻分蘖;水稻在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受涝可促进株高增长,在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期及抽穗开花期受旱则抑制株高增长;茎蘖消长动力学模型较好地拟合了茎蘖消长的过程,具有实践意义;Logistic模型拟合株高动态变化拟合度也较高,且适用合理.研究结果可为合理制定灌溉方案和提高水稻产量提供依据.     

T形三通管计算模型对尾水进口压力和调压室涌浪的影响

针对含尾水调压室的抽水蓄能电站,以特征线法和瞬变流理论为理论基础,在考虑尾水调压室长连接管水体惯性作用及管壁弹性的基础上,在T形三通管节点处分别建立了基于恒定局部水头损失系数、Gardel公式、试验资料的3种计算模型.结合工程实例,应用T形三通管节点处的3种计算模型对水电站的过渡过程进行了数值模拟;采用Gardel公式和试验资料,计算了过渡过程中不同时刻点的局部水头损失系数,研究了不同计算模型对尾水进口压力水头和涌浪水位的影响.结果表明:基于恒定局部水头损失系数的计算模型其阻抗作用最小,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最大;基于试验资料的计算模型其阻抗作用最大,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最小;基于Gardel公式的计算模型次之.     

秋季香溪河库湾水体冲淡时间分布特征的成因

针对三峡水库支流库湾的秋季水华问题,以香溪河库湾为研究对象,选取2009和2010两年的9月1日—11月30日作为研究时段,通过建立三维水动力模型,探讨了香溪河库湾水体冲淡时间分布特征及其成因.研究结果表明,在汛末蓄水期,香溪河库湾水体冲淡时间较长的区域均出现在中游,且随着汛末库水位抬高,库湾各层水体冲淡时间最大值均随着增长;因9月三峡库区干流水体主要由中、底层倒灌进入库湾,使得库湾中下游至下游区域表层水体冲淡时间最长,且随着中、底层倒灌持续时间增长,河口附近表层水体冲淡时间较中、底层的差值也有所增长;在支流上游和中上游区域,水体在蓄水期绝大部分时间的流动方式表现为由库湾底层流向干流,使得该区域底层水体冲淡时间较表、中层的短.研究结果可为三峡水库支流库湾秋季水华问题的防治提供借鉴.     

基于GIS技术的渠道工程材料采购模型

为了全面优化企业的采购成本,实现集约化的采购目标,从运输路径规划的角度出发,融合运筹学的知识,创建了基于GIS技术的渠道工程材料采购模型.以材料供应点和仓储点确立为基础,利用GIS软件进行运输路径的选择,进而构建出材料采购的路网模型.通过运用图论领域中的Floyd算法,计算得到材料供需点的最短运输路径,确定出材料的运输费用,结合出厂价格确定材料综合单价.在此基础之上,引入线性规划工具,以最小采购费用作为目标函数、材料综合单价为价值系数、供需平衡条件作为约束条件、供需点之间的采购量作为自变量,建立起采购决策的线性规划模型,并利用Matlab软件和VOGEL方法进行求解对比.实践证明,Matlab软件降低采购费用53万元,VOGEL方法降低34万元,前者确定的采购方案更受青睐.研究表明,基于GIS的采购模型解决了渠道材料采购运距不确定、采购成本虚高问题,为科学合理安排采购方案提供了辅助工具.     

作物干旱胁迫补偿效应研究进展

干旱是作物生长环境中普遍存在的逆境胁迫之一,在一定范围的干旱胁迫后复水短期内,作物在生理生化代谢和生长发育等方面产生补偿或超补偿效应的正面效应,以弥补干旱胁迫期间对作物造成的伤害和损失.补偿效应是作物抵御逆境胁迫的重要调节机制,也是对作物进行有效水分调控,实现节水高效农业的主要生理依据.文中从生长、生理生化、代谢及产量补偿效应及其影响因素等进行了综述.在此基础上,提出今后可从胁迫-复水条件下作物农艺及生理指标的补偿机制,光合作用的补偿规律及反馈机制,水分胁迫后补偿效应的效益评价3个方面进行研究.对于完善和丰富生物性节水理论和指导农业高效用水管理,发展节水灌溉和提供作物水分生产力具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.     

熵权模糊物元模型在节水灌溉综合效益评价的应用

针对以往节水灌溉综合效益评价中多采用简单的多指标综合评价的不足,运用熵权法来确定评价指标的权重,建立基于熵权的物元可拓模型对灌区节水灌溉综合效益进行评价,分别从节水灌溉的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益3个方面入手,构建评价指标综合体系.并以吉安市的田南灌区、谷口灌区、银湾桥灌区和南车灌区共4个灌区为实例进行评价,结果显示:银湾桥灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别为“一般”,田南灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别向“一般”级别转化,谷口灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别向“较好”级别转化,而南车灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别向“好”级别转化,采用灵敏度分析方法进一步验证评价结果的稳定,所得评价结果科学可靠.说明熵权物元分析法在节水灌溉综合效益评价中具有一定的应用价值.     

Three-dimensional CFD simulation of inlet structure flow in pumping station based on Eulerian solid- liquid two-phase flow model

Sediment deposition in the pumping station has a huge negative impact on unit operation.The three-dimensional CFD method has been used to simulate inlet structure flow in pumping station based on the Eulerian solid- liquid two-phase flow model. The numerical results of the preliminary scheme show that sediment deposition occurs in the forebay of pumping station because of poor flow pattern therein. In order to improve hydraulic configuration in the forebay,one modified measure reconstructs water diversion weir shape,and another measure sets a water retaining sill in the approach channel. The simulation results of the modified scheme prove that back flow in the forebay has been eliminated and the sediment deposition region has also been reduced.     

Simulation of soil–blade interaction for sandy soil using advanced 3D finite element analysis

In this paper a finite element investigation of the tillage of dry sandy soil, using the hypoplastic constitutive material model, is described. In most earth moving machinery, such as bulldozers or tillage tools, the working tool is a blade. Hence for tillage systems, accurately predicting the forces acting on the blade is of prime importance in helping to enhance productivity. The initial conditions, such as blade geometry or soil type, and operating conditions, such as cutting speed and cutting depth, have been shown experimentally to have a great effect on machine productivity. Experimental studies give valuable insights but can be expensive and may be limited to certain cutting speeds and depths. Results are also highly dependent on the accuracy of the measuring devices. However with increasing computational power and the development of more sophisticated material models, finite element analysis shows more promise in analyzing the factors affecting soil–blade interaction. Most of the available finite element studies in the literature are two-dimensional or if three-dimensional (3D), are limited to a certain blade displacement depending on the element distortion limit before the solution has convergence problems. In this study, a 3D finite element analysis of soil–blade interaction was carried out based on predefined horizontal and vertical failure surfaces, to investigate the behavior of the soil–blade interface and study the effect of blade-cutting width and lateral boundary width on predicted forces. Sandy soil was considered in this study and modeled using the hypoplastic constitutive model implemented in a commercial finite code, ‘ABAQUS’. Results reveal the validity of the concept of predefined failure surfaces in simulating soil–blade interaction and the significant effect of blade-cutting width, lateral boundary width and soil swelling on cutting forces.     

基于线性规划模型的农业种植业结构优化研究

以土地资源、农作物需水量、肥料、乡村劳动力资源、农业机械总动力等作为农业种植业规划的约束条件,建立基于线性规划的农业种植业结构优化数学模型。以山东枣庄市为例,提出农业种植业结构优化方案,该优化方案具有实用性和合理性。