未来气候条件下秸秆还田和氮肥种类对夏玉米产量及土壤氨挥发的影响

【目的】秸秆还田配施氮肥可以提高作物生产力,但在气候变化条件下,不同管理措施对夏玉米农田氮素利用存在很大的不确定性。明确在未来气候条件下秸秆还田与氮肥种类对夏玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响,以应对气候变化。【方法】利用DNDC模型预测未来不同情景下,秸秆还田和不同氮肥种类对关中地区夏玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响。通过田间土壤温度、水分、产量和土壤氨挥发累积量试验数据的验证,DNDC模型可以很好地模拟未来气候条件下不同处理的作物产量和土壤氨挥发累积量。【结果】模拟和实测结果均表明,在当前气候条件下秸秆还田会提高作物产量并促进土壤氨挥发,稳定性氮肥与普通尿素相比对产量无显著影响但会显著减少土壤氨挥发累积量。敏感性分析表明,作物产量与土壤氨挥发累积量均对施氮量最敏感。在RCP4.5排放情景下,单施稳定性氮肥（NF1）和单施尿素（NF2）分别在2050s—2090s和2070s—2090s产量显著降低,秸秆配施稳定性氮肥（SF1）和秸秆配施尿素（SF2）均在2050s—2090s产量显著升高;在RCP8.5排放情景下,单施稳定性氮肥（NF1）在2070s—2090s产量显著降低,单施尿素（NF2）产...     

The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA

Water shortages within the western USA are resulting in the adoption of water-saving agricultural practices within this region. Among the many possible methods for saving water in agriculture, the adoption of subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） provides a potential solution to the problem of low water use efficiency. Other advantages of SDI include reduced NO3 leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control, better crop health, and harvest flexibility for many specialty crops. The use of SDI also allows the virtual elimination of crop water stress, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and tillage, and the ability to irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. Yet, SDI is used only on a minority of cropland in the arid western USA. Reasons for the limited adoption of SDI include the high initial capital investment required, the need for intensive management, and the urbanization that is rapidly consuming farmland in parts of the western USA. The contributions of SDI to increasing yield, quality, and water use efficiency have been demonstrated. The two major barriers to SDI sustainability in arid regions are economics （i.e., paying for the SDI system）, including the high cost of installation; and salt accumulation, which requires periodic leaching, specialized tillage methods, or transplanting of seedlings rather than direct-seeding. We will review advances in irrigation management with SDI.     

砾石覆盖对土壤水热过程及旱作小麦玉米产量的影响

为了揭示砾石覆盖对农田土壤水热变化及作物产量形成的影响,2013—2015年采用小区试验法研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下土壤水分变化、温度效应以及作物生长和产量之间的相互作用关系。田间试验设置无覆盖(CK)、25%砾石覆盖(GM1)、50%砾石覆盖(GM2)、75%砾石覆盖(GM3)和100%砾石覆盖(GM4)5个处理。结果表明:砾石覆盖度与土壤水分呈显著正相关,100%砾石覆盖处理土壤贮水量最高;干旱胁迫条件下砾石覆盖度越高土壤的保水性越好,降雨条件下砾石覆盖度越高土壤截留雨水的能力越大。砾石覆盖具有明显的增温效应,4个砾石覆盖处理的土壤平均温度大于CK处理,GM4处理土壤平均温度最大;砾石覆盖处理可以认为是一种有效的温度调节方式,具体表现在低温(-5~0℃)条件下GM4处理较CK处理土壤温度增加5℃,高温(40~45℃)条件下GM4处理较CK处理土壤温度降低3.7℃;在寒冷气候和水分亏缺的情况下4个砾石覆盖处理增温能力均大于对照。此外,夏玉米叶面积指数随着砾石覆盖度增加而增大。100%砾石覆盖处理的2季冬小麦和夏玉米平均产量较对照处理分别增加了58.55%和22.50%。可见,砾石覆盖技术可以有效保持土壤水分、增加土壤温度、促进作物生长和提高产量,是干旱半干旱地区应对水分胁迫和气候变化、     

西北旱区生态服务价值时空动态研究

为探明西北旱区生态服务价值的时空差异性,以2004—2012年相关数据为基础,对其生态服务价值进行计算。结果表明:(1)2012年西北旱区的生态服务价值较2004年增加了166.1×109元,而人均生态服务价值却减少了8元,说明人口的增速比生态服务价值的增速大,应适当控制人口增长;(2)西北旱区各省区生态服务价值变化大小依次为甘肃陕西中北部新疆内蒙古中西部青海宁夏,其中宁夏和青海为负变化;(3)2004—2012年间西北旱区生态经济协调度为0.33,表明生态环境和经济发展处于轻度协调状态;(4)敏感性指数小于1,说明西北旱区生态服务价值对生态价值系数弹性较弱,本文研究结果真实可信。研究期内的土地利用变化取得了较明显的生态效益,为西北旱区的经济建设和社会发展提供了良好的环境平台。     

不同生育时期亏水对河西地区春玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响

【目的】研究不同生育时期亏水对河西地区春玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响。【方法】以春玉米东单11号为试验材料,设置4个不同灌水处理(全生育时期灌水(4个生育时期均灌水,CK)、拔节期不灌水(I1)、抽雄期不灌水(I2)、灌浆成熟期不灌水(I3)),研究不同生育时期亏水对春玉米株高、叶面积、地上部干物质、产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】与CK相比较,任一生育时期不灌水处理都会造成春玉米株高、叶面积、地上部干物质累积量、产量降低,其中I1处理对株高和干物质累积量影响显著,最高分别较对照降低了11.59%和16.10%;I3处理对春玉米叶面积影响显著,最高降低了24.61%;与CK相比较,I3处理灌溉水利用效率最高,较CK增加幅度最大,达23.77%;不同生育时期不灌水处理对春玉米的产量及其构成因素都有显著影响,其中I2处理对产量影响最大,最大降幅为24.45%,而I3处理对产量没有显著影响。【结论】与全生育时期灌水相比较,灌浆期不灌水不仅对春玉米产量没有显著影响,还可大幅度提高水分利用效率。     

基于电容特性的植物叶片含水率无损检测仪

为实现植物叶片含水率的无损和准确检测,利用圆形平行板电容传感器检测植物叶片电容,利用直径为12.7 mm的圆形FSR402型压力传感器测量平行极板对植物叶片的压力,以MSP430型单片机为微控制器,设计了一种基于植物叶片电容检测其含水率的仪器。以玉米叶片为对象,研究了玉米叶片含水率和极板对叶片的压力对电容的影响规律,选取了极板对玉米叶片的最佳压力,建立了最佳压力下玉米叶片的电容与含水率之间的关系模型,并对模型的可靠性进行了检验。结果表明,玉米叶片的电容随含水率和极板对叶片压力的增大而增大,检测玉米叶片电容的最佳压力为4 N。玉米叶片湿基含水率为55%~80%时,所设计检测仪的含水率绝对测量误差为-1.2%~1.7%;在晶振频率为8 MHz下检测含水率的响应时间小于3 s。     

夏玉米不同部位干物质临界氮浓度稀释曲线的构建及对产量的估计

准确和动态地诊断营养生长阶段植株氮状况,对于评估植物氮需求、预测玉米产量以及优化氮素管理至关重要。基于植物的氮诊断工具可优化夏玉米生产中氮素的管理,本研究旨在开发和验证基于玉米地上部不同部位干物质的临界氮浓度稀释曲线,并建立玉米相对产量(relative yield,RY)与不同生长阶段氮素营养指数(nitrogen nutrition index,NNI)和累积氮素亏缺(accumulated nitrogen deficit,AND)的关系。本文以2个不同氮效率的品种为试验材料进行连续4年的田间定位试验,设置4个氮素水平(0、150、225和300 kg hm^?2),分析不同施氮量对2个玉米品种营养生长阶段干物质的影响,基于叶干物质(leaf dry matter,LDM)、茎干物质(stem dry matter,SDM)和植物干物质(plant dry matter,PDM),构建不同的临界氮浓度稀释曲线。结果表明,基于LDM、SDM和PDM建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线,均能很好地诊断玉米氮营养状况;3条临界氮浓度稀释曲线对产量进行预测比较发现,RY与NNI和AND在不同生长阶段之间的相关性均达到显著水平,相关系数R2值均大于0.65,其中R2值在V12?VT时期最大,同时回归模型的验证结果表明,在V12?VT时期模型显示出可靠性。R2值大于0.92,RMSE值小于10%,证实了模型在V12和VT两个时期关系的稳定性。总的来说,一定的条件下,基于LDM和SDM建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线可以对基于PDM建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线进行代替。在V12?VT阶段,RY与NNI和AND的稳定关系很好地说明了在受氮素限制和非氮素限制下RY的变化,并对夏玉米产量进行准确的估计。本研究为花前玉米的氮肥管理提高粮食产量提供理论依据。     

Rice straw mulching and nitrogen response of no-till wheat following rice in Bangladesh

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in no-till soil of a postrice harvest field utilizes residual soil moisture and reduces the time period from rice harvest to wheat seeding in intensive rice-wheat cropping systems. Some of the major constraints in no-till wheat production are high weed infestation, poor stand establishment due to rapid drying of topsoil and low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Wheat Research Centre, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, for two consecutive years to overcome those constraints, to evaluate rice straw as mulch, and to determine the optimum application rate of nitrogen (N) for no-till wheat. The treatments included 12 factorial combinations of three levels of mulching: no mulch (M₀), surface application of rice straw mulch at 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹ that was withdrawn at 20 days after sowing (M₁), the same level of mulch as M₁ but allowed to be retained on the soil surface (M₂), and four nitrogen levels (control 80, 120 and 160 kg ha⁻¹). Rice straw mulching had a significant effect on conserving initial soil moisture and reducing weed growth. Root length density and root weight density of wheat were positively influenced both by straw mulching and N levels. N uptake and apparent nitrogen recovery of applied N fertilizer were higher in mulch treatments M₁ and M₂ as compared to M₀. Also mulch treatment of M₁ and M₂ were equally effective at conserving soil moisture, suppressing growth of weed flora, promoting root development and thereby improved grain yield of no-till wheat. N application of 120 kg ha⁻¹ with straw mulch was found to be suitable for no-till wheat in experimental field condition.     

U型渠道移动式流线型量水槽扩散段水力特性及结构优化方法

移动式量水槽较固定式具有不易淤积、可移动多处重复使用等优点,流线型外形的量水槽水力性能好,量水槽的扩散段对水力性能影响大,然而当前还缺乏扩散段的设计原理与方法方面的研究。为了研究量水槽结构型式对水力特性的影响,为流线型量水槽结构设计提供理论指导,该研究建立D40U型渠道模拟模型,其后用FLOW-3D对35、45和55 L/s流量下的半椭圆+半椭圆、半椭圆+抛物线、半椭圆+圆弧、半椭圆+Myring曲线和鱼形量水槽进行模拟,结合原型试验验证数值模拟效果,进而探讨扩散段设计原则与方法。最后基于isight平台对水力性能较好的半椭圆+ Myring曲线和鱼形量水槽进行结构优化。结果表明,45 L/s流量下数值模拟与试验水深相对误差为0.1%~1.3%,上游、喉口和下游断面流速相对误差分别为0.19%~6.63%、0.06%~6.15%和0.02%~6.22%,模拟结果精度高。5种量水槽上游佛汝德数均小于0.5,最大壅水高度为5.71 cm,均满足测流精度和渠道安全要求。其中,半椭圆+Myring曲线量水槽水头损失和壅水高度最低,半椭圆+半椭圆量水槽临界淹没度最高,佛汝德数最小。量水槽扩散段设计原则为：在略微减少临界淹没度的条件下,扩散段前半段设计为曲率较大的曲线,以降低上游壅水高度;后半段设计为曲率相反且曲率较小的曲线,以改善过流流态,平顺水流,降低水头损失。优化后的半椭圆+Myring曲线和鱼形前半段曲率增大,后半段曲率减小,壅水高度和佛汝德数均有所降低,水头损失分别降低5.5%和6.3%,优化后曲线线型满足扩散段设计原则。研究可为流线型量水槽结构设计与优化提供理论指导。     

Ephemeral gully recognition and accuracy evaluation using deep learning in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau in China

Ephemeral gullies are widely distributed in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau and play a unique role in the slope gully erosion system. Rapid and accurate identification of ephemeral gullies impacts the distribution law and development trend of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. Deep learning algorithms can quickly and accurately process large data samples that recognize ephemeral gullies from remote sensing images. Here, we investigated ephemeral gullies in the Zhoutungou watershed in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau in China using satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle images and combined a deep learning image semantic segmentation model to realize automatic recognition and feature extraction. Using Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1value, and AUC, we compared the ephemeral gully recognition results and accuracy evaluation of U-Net, R2U-Net, and SegNet image semantic segmentation models. The SegNet model was ranked first, followed by the R2U-Net and U-Net models, for ephemeral gully recognition in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau. The ephemeral gully length and width between predicted and measured values had RMSE values of 6.78 m and 0.50 m, respectively, indicating that the model has an excellent recognition effect. This study identified a fast and accurate method for ephemeral gully recognition in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau based on remote sensing images to provide an academic reference and practical guidance for soil erosion monitoring and slope and gully management in the Loess Plateau region.