陕229干旱复水诱导基因表达及小麦乙烯受体(TaERS)基因特征分析

为了解小麦响应水分胁迫后复水条件下的基因表达特征,以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)主栽品种陕229的3叶1心期幼苗为材料,采用消减杂交技术,构建了干旱复水条件下的SSH-cDNA表达文库。从消减文库中随机挑选59个插入片段大于400bp的阳性克隆测序,去除冗余序列和嵌合序列后,获得高质量EST序列32条(GenBank登录号为ES466767~ES466798)。序列比对分析表明,小麦干旱后复水的基因表达与植物对其他非生物胁迫的响应具有交叉性;17条EST序列与已知编码蛋白的基因同源性较高,涉及植物的信号传导、能量代谢、转录调控等方面;其他序列为新的EST。以其中一个与乙烯受体基因(ERS)同源性较高的EST序列为基础,采用同源克隆及RACE技术从小麦中分离了4个乙烯受体基因的全长cDNA序列,长度分别为2090、2271、2216和1886bp。4个全长cDNA序列所编码氨基酸序列的同源性极高(99%以上),且均具有ERS典型的GAF、HisKA和HATPase-c跨膜结构,分别命名为TaERS1(HM347272),TaERS2(HM601437),TaERS3(HM601438)和TaERS4(HQ111523)。植物ERS氨基酸序列多重比较表明,小麦与水稻的相似性最高(93%);TaERS基因的全长cDNA序列间比较共发现SNP位点23个。定量PCR表达分析显示,小麦TaERS家族基因参与了小麦植株响应水分胁迫和复水的调控机制。研究结果有助于进一步认识小麦干旱后复水的基因表达谱和小麦水分高效利用机制,探索小麦乙烯受体在水分高效利用中的作用。     

西红柿温室内无线传感器网络2.4 GHz信道传播特性

针对西红柿温室环境中无线传感器网络节点部署的要求及其应用环境的特性,以2.4 GHz为载波频率,研究了无线射频信号传播特性和通信距离、天线高度、传输路径等影响因素间的关系。结果表明,无线传感器网络信号在西红柿温室中的衰减符合对数模型;当天线高度固定时,接收信号强度随通信距离的增加总体呈递减趋势,丢包率随通信距离的增加总体呈递增趋势;西红柿温室中天线最宜部署在日光温室中央一列的位置,且西红柿顶部略高于它的位置为放置天线高度的首选,其次为西红柿顶部距地面1.5 m以上的部分,越接近西红柿顶部越好;在上述试验研究的基础上,建立了天线高度、通信距离和接收信号强度之间的关系模型,模型参数A与天线高度、衰减系数n与天线高度之间均呈二次多项式关系。验证试验结果表明:该模型可以较好地预测不同天线高度不同通信距离的接收信号强度,为西红柿温室无线传感器网络的部署提供技术支持。     

基于Morris和EFAST的CERES-Wheat模型敏感性分析

依据在陕西杨凌获得的冬小麦试验资料,用Morris法和EFAST(extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test)法分析了CERES-Wheat模型输出变量中小麦开花期、成熟期、产量、地上生物量对品种和生长参数的敏感性,并分析比较了两种方法的一致性。结果表明,光周期影响因子(P1D)、出苗-穗分化期积温(P1)、穗分化-挑旗期积温(P2)和春化影响因子(VEFF)均对开花期和成熟期较敏感,灌浆期积温(P5)对成熟期有较大影响;挑旗前、后的光能利用率(PARUE,PARU2)、P1D、P1和P2均对产量和生物量有较大影响;最适条件下标准籽粒质量(G2)和开花期单位地上生物量的籽粒数(G1)对冬小麦产量有较大影响,第一标准叶的比叶面积(SLAS)对地上生物量有较大影响。Morris法和EFAST法得到的参数敏感性结果具有较高的相关性,表明计算工作量较小的Morris法较适于筛选模型敏感参数。     

Intra-specific competition in maize: early establishment of hierarchies among plants affects final kernel set

Reduced plant biomass and increased plant-to-plant variability are expected responses to crowding in monocultures, but the underlying processes that control the onset of interplant interference and the establishment of hierarchies among plants within a stand are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that early determined plant types (i.e. dominant and dominated individuals) are the cause of the large variability in final kernel number per plant (KNP) usually observed at low values of plant growth rate (PGR) around silking in maize (Zea mays L.). Two hybrids (DK696 and Exp980) of contrasting response to crowding were cropped at different stand densities (6, 9 and 12 plants m⁻²), row spacings (0.35 and 0.70 m), and water regimes (rainfed and irrigated) during 1999/2000 and 2001/2002 in Argentina. The onset of interplant competition started very early during the cycle, and significant differences (P<0.05) in estimated plant biomass between stand densities were detected as soon as V_4–6 (DK696) and V_6–7 (Exp980). Plant population and row spacing treatments did not modify the onset of the hierarchical growth among plants, but did affect (P<0.02–0.08) the dynamic of the process. For both hybrids, the rate of change in relative growth between plant types was larger at 9 and 12 plants m⁻² (ca. 0.12 g/g per 100 °C day) than at 6 plants m⁻² (ca. 0.07 g/g per 100 °C day). For all treatments, the largest difference in estimated shoot biomass between plant types took place between 350 (V₇) and 750 °C day (V₁₃) from sowing, and remained constant from V₁₃ onwards. Dominant plants always had more kernels per plant (P<0.05) than the dominated ones, but differences between plant types in PGR around silking were significant (P<0.05) only at 12 plants m⁻². Our research confirmed the significant (P<0.01) curvilinear response of KNP to PGR around silking, but also determined a differential response between plant types: the mean of residual values were significantly (P<0.01) larger for dominant than for dominated individuals. Estimated ear biomass at the onset of active kernel growth (R₃) reflected the variation in KNP (r²≥0.62), and was significantly (P<0.01) related to estimated plant biomass at the start of active ear growth (ca. V₁₃). This response suggested that the physiological state of each plant at the beginning of the critical period had conditioned its reproductive fate. This early effect of plant type on final KNP seemed to be exerted through current assimilate partitioning during the critical period.     

冬小麦物候期对土壤水分胁迫的响应机制与模拟

作物模型在农业生产管理和决策中发挥着重要作用,而物候期模拟是作物模型正确模拟作物生长发育和产量形成过程的基础。作物模型模拟物候发育的常用算法一般是基于积温的计算,同时也考虑光周期和春化作用的影响,但是水分胁迫对物候发育的次级影响却较少被考虑在内。该研究以连续2季(2013-2014和2014-2015)的遮雨棚下土柱试验和连续3季(2012-2013、2013-2014和2014-2015)的遮雨棚下大田试验数据和前人研究成果为基础提出了冬小麦物候期对水分胁迫的响应机制理论假设,并以土壤相对有效含水率为水分胁迫指标校正冬小麦物候期水分胁迫响应函数。该研究以2014-2015生长季土柱试验各处理试验数据来建立冬小麦物候期水分胁迫响应函数,确定发育加速点A、发育减速点D和发育停止点S所对应的相对有效含水率值分别为0.30、0.10和0。结果发现拔节期和开花期模拟值和观测值之间的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)分别为0.8和1.7 d,绝对相对误差(absolute relative error,ARE)分别低于0.68%和2.09%。然后用2013-2014生长季土柱试验各处理数据进行验证,结果发现拔节期和开花期模拟值和观测值之间的RMSE分别约为0.9和1.1 d,ARE分别在1.37%和1.68%以下。最后再用3年独立大田试验数据对上述修正后的冬小麦物候期算法进行验证,结果发现开花期和成熟期的模拟值与观测值之间的RMSE分别约为2.4和2.0 d,ARE分别低于4.21%和2.67%;与DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型的模拟结果进行比较,发现修正算法能反映出水分胁迫对冬小麦物候期造成的差异(有提前也有推迟),而DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型无法体现这种差异,且开花期和成熟期的模拟值与观测值之间的RMSE分别约为4.0和5.5 d,误差最大分别为8和6 d。这表明校正后的冬小麦物候期算法模拟精度得到了较大提高,能在一定程度上描述和量化水分胁迫对冬小麦物候期的影响机制,可用来模拟不同水分胁迫条件下不同品种冬小麦的物候期。     

涌泉根灌灌水器外壳材料对水力性能的影响

对使用ABS、纯HDPE、HDPE+20%EVA、LDPE+20%EVA以及40%HDPE+40%LDPE+10%LLDPE+10%EVA这5种不同外壳材料制造的涌泉根灌灌水器,从外壳材料的收缩率、弹性模量、拉伸应变特点等方面研究了外壳材料对涌泉根灌灌水器出流特性的影响.结果表明,外壳材料对涌泉根灌灌水器的水力性能影响明显:外壳材料的模塑收缩率越大,灌水器外壳与内芯流道贴合越紧密,流量就越小;灌水器外壳的刚性越强,即材料的弹性模量越大,不同压力作用下灌水器的流量相差越小;相同制造工艺下,外壳材料的自然回弹率影响灌水器的制造偏差,材料的回弹性越好,得到的灌水器流量偏差越小.因此,为了得到制造偏差小、水力性能良好的涌泉根灌灌水器,对外壳材料的选配应平衡刚性及自然回弹性.推荐使用混合材料40%HDPE+40%LDPE+10%LLDPE+10%EVA用以制备涌泉根灌灌水器外壳.     

近50年新疆参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的时空演变分析

根据新疆地区53个气象站1960—2009年50年的气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了各站点逐月参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)。采用GIS反距离插值方法得到新疆参考作物蒸发蒸腾量分布图,将各站点ET0变化趋势进行聚类分析,通过Morlet小波变换、倾向率等方法探讨了时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,近50年新疆平均ET0呈显著减小趋势,不同区域ET0的年际变化趋势差异显著;在25～30年时间尺度上,全区平均ET0的周期振荡较为明显,经历了"多→少→多"3个循环交替过程;ET0年内分布均呈单峰状,且各站之间峰值相差很大;多年平均ET0空间分布总体上由西北向东南增加,且与地形起伏有高度的一致性。新疆大部分地区ET0变化率为负值,与"蒸发悖论"规律相符,其主要原因是风速降低对ET0的影响超过了温度上升,但1992年以来,由于温度持续升高,ET0出现了回升态势。     

Newly simplified method for hydraulic design of micro irrigation laterals based on emission uniformity

An analytical approach was developed to design a single uniformly sloping lateral in the micro irrigation systems. Emission uniformity was used as the water application uniformity criterion. Ene rgy relations based on the energy gradient line approach were revamped to account for the spatial va riance of emitter outflow and the emitter connections local energy losses. Four pressure head grade line profiles were distinguished: uphill, horizontal, gentle downhill and steep downhill. Analytical expressions of emission uniformity by hydraulic variation for each pressure profile were developed based on the design variables: length and diameter of lateral, emitter spacing, emitter flow equation parameters, equivalent length characterizing local losses and ground slope. The design conditions for selecting emitter type, the number of emitters per plant and designing the diameter of the uphill and steep downhill laterals were also developed. The nonlinear equations for determining lateral diameter and lateral length were solved iteratively by using the built in root finding function of (Tools> Goal Seek…) in the calculation spreadsheet of Microsoft Excel. The procedures also provide the options to fix the design lateral diameter with the commercial standard size or fix the design lateral length based on the field size. The operating inlet pressure and maximum amplitude of the pressure head throughout the lateral could also be determined easily by the procedure. Two numerical applications with various slope combinations indicate that the proposed analytical approach produces results close to the accurate stepwise numerical solutions. In comparison with Keller method, the proposed approach could produce more appropriate designs.     

基于反距离权重法的长江流域参考作物蒸散量算法适用性评价

为实现大区域尺度参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)资料缺失情况下的准确计算,该文将长江流域划分为上、中、下游3个子区域,基于反距离权重法的新型空间展布方法得到3个虚拟站点分别代表每个子区域,利用长江流域102个站点1964-2013年近50a的逐日气象数据,根据FAO-56 Penman-Monteith(P-M)法、Hargreaves-Samani(HS)法、Irmark-Allen(I-A)法、Priestley-Taylor(P-T)法、Makkink(M-K)法、Penman-Van Bavel(PVB)法、1948年Penman(48-PM)法分别计算每个站点逐日ET0,并以P-M法为标准,利用Nash-Sutcliffe系数(CD)、逐日相对均方根误差(RMSE)、Kendall一致性系数(K)对其适用性进行评价,结果表明:在3个子区域6种ET0计算方法的日值与P-M法拟合方程确定系数R2均通过了极显著水平检验(α=0.01),长江上游P-T法ET0日值计算精度最高(ET0日值拟合方程斜率为1.030,RMSE=0.341 mm/d,CD=0.886,K=0.829),H-S法、I-A计算精度较低(ET0日值拟合方程斜率分别为1.427、1.308,RMSE=0.909、0.829 mm/d,CD=0.581、0.523,K=0.792、0.742),长江中、下游PVB法计算精度最高,P-T法计算精度次之,H-S法与I-A法计算精度较低;长江上游6种算法ET0月值的计算精度由高到低依次为P-T法、PVB法、M-K法、48-PM法、H-S法、I-A法,与P-M法的平均误差分别为0.27、0.35、0.51、0.48、0.74、0.78 mm/d;长江中、下游6种算法计算精度由高到低为PVB法、P-T法、M-K法、48-PM法、H-S法、I-A法;整个长江流域P-T法、PVB法与P-M法ET0计算结果相对误差均在35%以下,H-S法、I-A法计算精度较低,其相对误差基本高于40%;因此,PVB法与P-T法在整个长江流域的计算精度较高,可作为长江流域ET0简化计算推荐方法。     

设计流量和土壤质地对微孔陶瓷灌水器入渗特性的影响

为探明微孔陶瓷灌水器土壤中入渗流量变化的原因,明确微孔陶瓷灌水器的出流原理,该研究基于土桶模拟试验,研究3种设计流量(0.72、1.87和4.40 L/h)的微孔陶瓷灌水器下2种土壤(黄绵土、塿土)的渗流特性。结果表明,使用不同灌水器灌溉后,短时间内入渗流量均迅速减小,而后缓慢减小趋于稳定。设计流量与土壤质地均影响灌水器的出流。灌水器周围土壤水势的变化是造成入渗流量变化的直接原因,土壤含水率的变化是入渗流量变化的根本原因。在没有淹没出流的情况下,土壤含水率越高,入渗流量越小。设计流量为1.87 L/h灌水器应用于塿土中,当土壤含水率由13%增大至40%时,入渗流量由1.4 L/h下降至0.3 L/h左右。灌水器周围土壤含水率对入渗流量具有反馈调节作用。采用微孔陶瓷灌水器作为灌溉系统的核心部件,在内部水头适宜(微压或零压)的情况下,通过灌水器入渗流量与土壤含水率的耦合作用,可实现土壤水分的自动调控,达到主动灌溉的目的。该文可为微孔陶瓷灌水器的推广应用提供参考。