乡村振兴战略背景下农村坑塘治理分析研究——以河南睢县实地调查为例

针对农村坑塘"无人治、没钱治、无人管、散乱难治"等方面的难题,以乡村振兴战略为思想指导,结合河长制工作重点,根据农村坑塘高效治理工作对打造生态宜居环境、创建乡风文明、促进产业兴旺、实现农民富裕的重要性。在此基础上,以河南省睢县农村坑塘为例,以全面推行河湖长制促进乡村振兴为目标,把小微水体整治与乡村振兴等工作有机结合,进行水岸同治。按照远村塘、近村塘的分类,提出相应建设模式,并提出农村坑塘建设建议;另外,从"人治"和"法治"两个方面进行"人治巩固基础,法治加深层次"管护模式,为黄淮地区农村坑塘治理提供多种路径,助力乡村振兴。     

Nitrogen use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by wheat–cotton cropping systems

Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application.     

Estimating spatial mean soil water contents of sloping jujube orchards using temporal stability

Estimating spatial mean soil water contents from point-scale measurements is important to improve soil water management in sloping land of semiarid areas. Temporal stability analysis, as a statistical technique to estimate soil water content, is an effective tool in terms of facilitating the upscaling estimation of mean values. The objective of this study was to examine temporal stability of soil water profiles (0–20, 20–40, 40–60 and 0–60 cm) in sloping jujube (Zizyphus jujuba) orchards and to estimate field mean root-zone soil water based on temporal stability analysis in the Yuanzegou catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, using soil water observations under both dry and wet soil conditions. The results showed that different time-stable locations were identified for different depths and the temporal stability of soil water content in 20–40 cm was significantly (P < 0.05) weaker than that in other depths. Moreover, these time-stable locations had relatively high clay contents, relatively mild slopes and relatively planar surfaces compared to the corresponding field means. Statistical analysis revealed that the temporal stability of root zone soil water (0–60 cm) was higher in either dry or wet season than that including both, and soil water exhibited very low temporal stability during the transition period from dry to wet. Based on the temporal stability analysis, field mean soil water contents were estimated reasonably (R² from 0.9560 to 0.9873) from the point measurements of these time-stable locations. Since the terrains in this study are typical in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau, the results presented here should improve soil water management in sloping orchards in the Loess Plateau.     

乙烯利对干旱条件下多年生黑麦草生理指标的影响

本研究以‘Neruda’,‘Accent’,‘MS’,‘AST’4个品种多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）为试验材料,研究叶片喷施乙烯利对多年生黑麦草耐旱性的影响。结果表明,喷施乙烯利后干旱处理10 d时,‘Neruda’、‘MS’和‘AST’叶片相对含水量显著提高,所有品种电解质渗透率均下降,‘Neruda’、‘Accent’和‘MS’脯氨酸含量的上升减缓,同时喷施乙烯利提高了‘MS’、‘AST’的过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性,但对过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化氢酶（Ascorbate peroxidase,APX）活性影响不显著。复水2 d后,乙烯利促进了‘MS’品种相对含水量和‘Neruda’品种脯氨酸含量的恢复。因此,叶片喷施乙烯利可以不同程度缓解多年生黑麦草干旱条件下的胁迫损伤,一定程度上提高干旱复水后的恢复能力。     

保温型刚性护面渠道设计

在刚性面层下设置一道性能良好的保温层来防止基土冻结,可以从根本上解决冻胀破坏的问题。这种带保温层的刚性护面渠道称为保温型刚性护面渠道,根据热工原理,提出了保温型刚性护面渠道横断面设计在构造方面的要求,进一步推导出计算保温层厚度的有关公式,并给出算例,还指出了需要进一步研究和探讨的问题。     

挠力河流域水基系统健康评价及指标体系研究

水生态环境遭到不同程度的破坏,流域健康状况越来越受到重视。水基系统的提出为流域健康评价提供了新的理论框架。现以挠力河流域为研究基点,根据其国家农产品主产区的特点,在水基系统的理论框架下,研究了适合该流域的健康评价等级标准,并依据指标选取5项原则、流域的自然经济状况构建了挠力河流域的水基系统健康评价指标体系。筛选了以农业生产和可持续发展为主导的评价指标集,分析了特定指标对该研究区域的适用性。所建立水基系统健康评价体系和指标集可为挠力流域的可持续发展提供技术支持。     

基于SWAT模型的西江流域径流模拟研究

采用SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,在整个珠江流域构建分布式水文模型,对西江流域1951~2008年的月径流过程进行模拟。选取西江流域的迁江、柳州、武宣3个水文站的径流数据,利用SWAT模型自带的敏感性分析模块和自动率定模块,采用LH-OAT敏感性分析方法和SCE-UA算法分别对选取的各参数进行敏感性分析和参数率定,并对率定模型进行验证。敏感性分析结果表明,不同的参数对流域月径流过程表现出不同程度的敏感度,其中CN2、ESCO、SOL_AWC、CH_K2和ALPHA_BF的敏感度较高,是较敏感因子。从率定和验证结果来看,3个水文站的径流模拟效果均较好,Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数ENS均在0.75以上,其中柳州站和武宣站率定期和验证期的ENS在0.8以上。SWAT分布式水文模型在西江流域月径流模拟中的应用效果良好。     

基于供水调节的水库削峰能力

水库防洪调度计算时,一般以汛限水位作为水库调洪初始水位。由于供水等功能的影响,水库并非时刻处于蓄满状态,汛限水位是水库调洪初始水位的上限值,汛限水位以下的空库容将发挥拦洪作用。针对典型供水水库,通过分析库容系数和供水系数与蓄水率的分布特征之间的关系、蓄水率与水库对洪水的削峰率之间的关系,研究库容系数和供水系数对削峰率的影响。实例计算表明,考虑供水调节的影响后,水库的库容系数和供水系数对削峰率的影响不可忽略,且削峰率与供水系数成二次函数关系。因此,类似水库的下游河道在防洪设计时应充分考虑库容系数和供水系数对削峰率的影响。