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51.
52.
《CATENA》2005,64(1):61-80
Accelerated soil erosion is a worldwide problem because of its economic and environmental impacts. To effectively estimate soil erosion and to establish soil erosion management plans, many computer models have been developed and used. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has been used in many countries, and input parameter data for RUSLE have been well established over the years. However, RUSLE cannot be used to estimate the sediment yield for a watershed. Thus, the GIS-based Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) was developed to estimate soil loss and sediment yield for any location within a watershed using RUSLE and a spatially distributed sediment delivery ratio. SATEEC was enhanced in this study by developing new modules to: 1) simulate the effects of sediment retention basins on the receiving water bodies, 2) estimate the sediment yield from a single storm event, and 3) prepare input parameters for the Web-based sediment decision support system using a GIS interface. The enhanced SATEEC system was applied to the study watershed to demonstrate how the enhanced system can be effectively used for soil erosion control. All the procedures are fully automated with Avenue, CGI, and database programming; thus the enhanced SATEEC system does not require experienced GIS users to operate the system. This easy-to-operate SATEEC system can be used to identify areas vulnerable to soil loss and to develop efficient soil erosion management plans. 相似文献
53.
《CATENA》1998,33(2):123-138
Physical and chemical soil properties were measured along a mountainous climatological gradient in the province of Alicante (Spain). The objective was to evaluate how the climate affects certain soil properties at different temporal and spatial scales. These properties include infiltration, runoff and sediment concentrations resulting from rainfall simulation experiments performed in winter and in summer. Chemical soil properties like carbonate content, organic matter content and CEC were analysed in reference soil profiles along the gradient. Physical soil properties like soil moisture content, macroaggregation and waterstable microaggregation were measured at monthly intervals during a year. The comparison of the results was done at different spatial (site, slope and patch) and temporal (monthly and seasonal) scales by means of some statistical tests. It can be concluded that there are some soil properties positively related to the gradient, like organic matter, clay content and CEC which increase with the annual rainfall. However, runoff coefficients and erosion are higher when the climatic annual rainfall. However, runoff coefficients and erosion are higher when the climatic conditions become more arid. Aggregation and infiltration capacity are higher on north-facing slopes and in vegetated patches than in south-facing slopes and in bare patches. 相似文献
54.
Sequestration of CO2 via biological sinks is a matter of great scientific importance due to the potential lowering of atmospheric CO2. In this study, a custom built incubation chamber was used to cultivate a soil microbial community to instigate chemoautotrophy of a temperate soil. Real-time atmospheric CO2 concentrations were monitored and estimations of total CO2 uptake were made. After careful background flux corrections, 4.52 ± 0.05 g CO2 kg−1 dry soil was sequestered from the chamber atmosphere over 40 h. Using isotopically labelled 13CO2 and GCMS–IRMS, labelled fatty acids were identified after only a short incubation, hence confirming CO2 sequestration for soil. The results of this in vivo study provide the ground work for future studies intending to mimic the in situ environment by providing a reliable method for investigating CO2 uptake by soil microorganisms. 相似文献
55.
黄土丘陵植被恢复过程中土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用野外定点采样与室内土壤种子萌发试验相结合的研究方法,选取黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏固原地区不同植被恢复年限(2,5,12,24,35,55,75 a)及当年农地(对照)的8个样地,研究该区土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化.结果表明,8个不同植被恢复年限样地土壤中可萌发的种子的平均数量为3542.5粒/m2,可萌发种子以双子叶植物为主,约占萌发总数的90%.0~5 cm土层可萌发种子数量变化于166.7~9100.0粒/m2;5~10 cm土层变化于133.38~2120.02粒/m2.土壤中可萌发种子数量随着恢复年限的增加表现先增加后下降的趋势.土壤中可萌发的种子数量随时间的变化近似单峰型,双子叶植物峰值主要出现在第4~6周,而单子叶植物萌发高峰在5~6周.表明在环境,气候等条件适宜时,黄土丘陵区典型草原带可萌发的土壤中的种子可形成萌发高峰. 相似文献
56.
三峡水库消落带因水位的周期性变化,使其土壤含水量呈干湿交替变化,而大多数原有植物难以适应新的生境,导致生态系统严重破坏。利用盆栽法模拟其水淹条件,以30,60,90和120d为周期进行水淹—干旱交替处理,研究了香根草当年实生幼苗在水淹与干旱交替胁迫下的光合特性及生理生态适应机制。结果表明,不同胁迫周期的水淹—干旱交替胁迫均显著影响香根草幼苗的生长及其光合生理特性。各组幼苗的株高、净光合速率、气孔导度及叶绿素含量等生理生态学指标均随时间变化呈不同幅度的升降变化。而不同组间的各项指标值均随交替周期的增大而减小。但无论何种变化,各处理组最终又都能逐渐恢复或趋于稳定状态,保持较高的存活率。因此,香根草对水淹和干旱均具有良好的耐受力和适应性,可作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复建设的重要植物种类。 相似文献
57.
明确树种属性和养分添加对亚热带森林粗木质残体分解养分含量及化学计量的影响,为森林养分管理和碳循环提供理论依据。 在浙江天童野外观测研究站森林选取6种典型树种粗木质残体,通过开展野外氮(N)磷(P)添加试验,设置对照(CK,蒸馏水)、氮添加(N,100 kg hm−2 a−1)、磷添加(P,15 kg hm−2 a−1)和氮 + 磷添加(N + P,N100 kg hm−2 a−1 + P15 kg hm−2 a−1)4种处理,测定粗木质残体分解初期(3年)N、P养分含量和生态化学计量比,分析树种属性和外源养分添加对粗木质残体养分含量和化学计量比的影响。 与初始养分含量相比,分解三年后,CK处理的被子树种N、P含量显著增加,C/N显著降低,裸子树种P含量显著降低(P < 0.05)。与CK相比,P和N + P添加处理显著增加了裸子树种P含量,增加幅度分别为57.29%和53.79%;N + P添加处理显著降低了裸子树种碳(C)含量、C/N、C/P,降低幅度分别为24.0%、30.58%和44.91%(P < 0.05)。N + P添加处理对被子树种养分含量及化学计量比无显著影响。主成分分析表明,N + P添加处理对裸子树种C、N、P含量及其化学计量比的影响大于被子树种,P元素是影响粗木质残体养分及化学计量特征的主要因素。分解三年后粗木质残体的养分含量和初始密度显著正相关,而与初始C含量显著负相关。 总体而言,由于粗木质残体养分含量和物理性质的差异,被子和裸子树种粗木质残体养分含量和化学计量比对氮磷添加的响应存在明显差异,其中初始养分含量较低的裸子树种粗木质残体养分含量及化学计量比受氮磷添加的影响较大。因此,未来研究气候变化(如氮磷沉降)对森林养分库和有机碳分解影响时应考虑粗木质残体树种属性的差异。 相似文献
58.
为明确黄土丘陵区典型人工幼林土壤水分时空变化特征,采用ECH2O土壤水分监测系统,基于标准径流小区坡面土壤水分观测方法,收集土壤水分及气象数据,分析了撂荒地与不同类型人工幼林土壤水分状况及时间稳定性。结果表明:(1)与撂荒地相比,人工幼林土壤含水量整体较低,且具有明显的季节性变化特征,变化趋势基本一致,均随降水量的增加(减少)而升高(降低);(2)不同类型人工林土壤水分垂直分布差异较大,相较于撂荒地,刺槐和油松在50 cm深度土层土壤含水量较低,在80—120 cm深度土层土壤含水量较高,丁香幼林土壤水分整体偏低;(3)油松和撂荒地土壤水分代表深度分别为:120 cm和80 cm,决定系数(R2≥0.9)和纳什系数(NSE≥-0.1)对该结果的评价显示土壤水分代表深度的选择均是可接受的,刺槐和丁香不同深度土层土壤水分差异较大。研究认为,在黄土丘陵区,人工幼林显著影响土壤水分垂直分布规律,土壤含水量整体呈低态势,相较于撂荒地,刺槐和丁香土壤水分变异性较大,油松较为稳定。 相似文献
59.
60.
基于黄土沉积速率的土壤侵蚀危险度评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
土壤侵蚀危险度是评估和预测侵蚀作用破坏土地资源和生态环境危险性的重要指标,也是科学防治水土流失的基础。利用14 C测年技术对陕北黄土高原黄土沉积速率进行研究,并通过计算土壤侵蚀模数与黄土沉积速率的比值,对该研究区的土壤侵蚀危险度进行评价。结果表明:洛川县、延长县和横山县采样点的黄土沉积速率分别为0.017 9cm/a,0.015 3cm/a和0.021 3cm/a,土壤侵蚀危险度分别为14.1,43.3和24.8,均远远大于临界危险度值1,因此该地区为水土流失重点防治区域。通过该项研究可以为水土保持治理及规划提供科学参考,并为环境治理决策部门提供理论依据。 相似文献