丹江土石山区景观格局模拟与社会经济响应关系

以丹江流域陕西省段为研究对象,采用GIS,IDRISI和Fragstats平台与系列经济数据,分析了丹江流域土地的数量变化及转移情况,建立了景观格局和经济指标的模型,模拟出2020年、2030年的景观格局,并通过模型计算相应年份经济数据。结果表明:(1)该流域的优势景观为草地,1980—2010年草地面积减少最大为46.65km2,林地增加最多为50.42km2;与2010年相比,2030年的林地和城镇工矿用地会进一步增加,草地大幅度减少(90.84km2);(2)研究区整体多样性增加,稳定性降低。草地、林地和城镇用地都趋于规则,更加聚集,高连通;(3)景观指数DIVISION,IJI,LPI,SHDI与经济有显著关系,其中DIVISION,SHDI与经济呈负相关,而IJI,LPI与经济呈正相关;(4)2010—2020年是经济增速明显,除人口外增幅80%～188%;2020—2030年增幅降低,保持在30%以上,但人口相比2020年开始降低。     

磁化水膜下滴灌对棉田水盐分布特征及棉花生长特性的影响

通过田间小区磁化水滴灌试验,研究了磁化水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布特征、棉花生长特性及产量的影响。结果表明:磁化水灌溉可以提高土壤含水量,促进棉花根系对水分的吸收,0—100 cm土层内磁化强度为3 000 Gs时的土壤含水量最大,保水效果最好。磁化水灌溉可以有效降低土壤盐分含量,加快土壤盐分的淋洗,0—100 cm土层内各磁化水处理土壤平均含盐量表现为3 000 Gs4 000 Gs1 000 Gs5 000 Gs0 Gs,磁化淡水处理的土壤脱盐率为2.7%～28.2%,3 000 Gs磁化处理的土壤脱盐率最高;磁化微咸水处理的土壤积盐率为21.7%～33.9%。磁化水滴灌可以促进棉花生物量及产量的增长,淡水、微咸水磁化处理的产量较未磁化处理增加了8.98%～31.4%,3 000 Gs磁化处理下的棉花产量最高。从棉花生长特征、产量、水分利用效率等方面综合考虑,3 000 Gs为最佳磁化强度处理。     

Global patterns of soil phosphatase responses to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

Hydrolysis of organic phosphorus(P) by soil phosphatases is an important process of P cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, significantly affected by nitrogen(N) and/or P fertilization. However, how soil acid phosphatase(ACP) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities respond to N and/or P fertilization and how these responses vary with climatic regions, ecosystem types, and fertilization management remain unclear. This knowledge gap hinders our ability to assess P cycling and availability from a glo...     

Effect of different cropping options on plant-available water of surface-drained vertisols in the Ethiopian highlands

The productivity of the Vertisols in the Ethiopian highlands could be raised by facilitating the removal of excess water from the fields in the main rainy season. This could be accomplished by the introduction of an animal powered broadbed maker (BBM) which shapes the soil into broadbeds and furrows. Thus with proper drainage, early sowing of crops becomes feasible. This study compared the plant-available water in the soil layer and the water use efficiency of local wheat and eight other cropping options and also assessed the grain and fodder productivities. Replacing late-sown local wheat with an early-sown improved wheat variety (ET-13) improved the utilization of the plant-available water during the rainy season and significantly increased grain and straw yields with a high rate of water use efficiency. The variations of the available moisture in the soil layer between the different cropping options tested were small during the rainy months of July and August due to the continuing replenishment of the used water. Differences of plant-available water in both upper and lower soil layers for the various cropping options became distinct at the onset of the dry season. Even though results showed that growing of a sequential crop, such as grass pea, following wheat is possible with a starter irrigation in the dry season, yields were generally depressed.     

Feasibility of magnetite powder as an erosion tracer for main soils across China

Purpose

This study aimed to explore the potential feasibility of magnetite powder as an erosion tracer for national-scale soil erosion monitoring in China.

Materials and methods

This study evaluated the effectiveness of silt-sized magnetite powder, a magnetic erosion tracer, in four representative erodible soils in China with distinct textures (from sandy loam to silty clay). The χ_lf values of different magnetic tracer-tagged aggregate size ranges (>?0.05 mm) were similar based on dry aggregate analysis.

Results and discussion

Simulated long-term leaching tests showed that the tracer had low mobility in soil profiles. The simultaneous separation of the tracer and tested soils under surface flow scouring conditions indicates that the tracer exhibited good bonding ability with different soils.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that magnetite powder is suitable for erosion monitoring in China. This method may be extended to other regions over the world.

     

施加PAM与CMC对土壤水分入渗与蒸发特征的影响

施加化学改良剂是改良土壤和提高农田水分有效性的重要途径,深入了解化学改良剂对土壤水分运动过程的影响是合理利用化学方法改良土壤的基础。通过开展室内土柱试验研究表施聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)2种化学改良剂,分析不同施量的化学改良剂(PAM和CMC)对土壤水分入渗和蒸发特征的影响。结果表明:随着PAM和CMC施加量的增加,不同化学改良剂均降低了土壤水分入渗过程,抑制了土面蒸发过程。综合考虑不同化学改良剂的保水、抑蒸性能,施加CMC的减渗、抑蒸作用高于施用PAM,且CMC施量为0.08%的效果最佳。同等减渗、抑蒸效果下,CMC的施用量相对PAM的施用量更少。     

Alterations in forest detritus inputs influence soil carbon concentration and soil respiration in a Central-European deciduous forest

In a Quercetum petraeae–cerris forest in northeastern Hungary, we examined effects of litter input alterations on the quantity and quality soil carbon stocks and soil CO₂ emissions. Treatments at the Síkfőkút DIRT (Detritus Input and Removal Treatments) experimental site include adding (by doubling) of either leaf litter (DL) or wood (DW) (including branches, twigs, bark), and removing all aboveground litter (NL), all root inputs by trenching (NR), or removing all litter inputs (NI). Within 4 years we saw a significant decrease in soil carbon (C) concentrations in the upper 15 cm for root exclusion plots. Decreases in C for the litter exclusion treatments appeared later, and were smaller than declines in root exclusion plots, highlighting the role of root detritus in the formation of soil organic matter in this forest. By year 8 of the experiment, surface soil C concentrations were lower than Control plots by 32% in NI, 23% in NR and 19% in NL. Increases in soil C in litter addition treatments were less than C losses from litter exclusion treatments, with surface C increasing by 12% in DL and 6% in DW. Detritus additions and removals had significant effects on soil microclimate, with decreases in seasonal variations in soil temperature (between summer and winter) in Double Litter plots but enhanced seasonal variation in detritus exclusion plots. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were most influenced by detritus input quantity and soil organic matter concentration when soils were warm and moist. Clearly changes in detritus inputs from altered forest productivity, as well as altered litter impacts on soil microclimate, must be included in models of soil carbon fluxes and pools with expected future changes in climate.     

Nest-mounds of the yellow meadow ant (Lasius flavus) at the “Alter Gleisberg”, Central Germany: Hot or cold spots in nutrient cycling?

Nests of the yellow meadow ant (Lasius flavus) occur at high densities in grasslands worldwide. Although many studies have shown that L. flavus nests influence soil nutrient contents, little is known about their effect on soil nutrient cycling rates. The aim of this study was to examine the role of nest-mounds inhabited by L. flavus as potential ‘hot spots’ for soil nutrient cycling. Six pairs of nest-mounds and control soils were selected at a grassland site at the plateau of the Alter Gleisberg (Thuringia, Central Germany). L. flavus significantly modified the soil environment within the nest. In comparison to the control soils, nest-mounds were characterized by slightly higher soil temperatures during the summer months. In addition, we found that nests were related to decreased potential C mineralization rates and increased potential net N mineralization rates. Nest-mound soil exhibited lower amounts of SOC, hot-water extractable DOC and DN, and higher concentrations of leachable DOC and DN. Moreover, ants promoted the enrichment of base cations in the nest. Differences in the soil environment between nests and control soils were possibly a result of the burrowing activity of ants, soil mixing, accumulation of aphid honeydew, and decreased plant-derived nutrient inputs into the nest-mound soil. In conclusion, L. flavus nest-mounds had a significant but element dependent effect on the soil nutrient cycling and may represent cold spots for C cycling and hot spots for N cycling. Thus, L. flavus nests increase the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties and create unique micro-sites within grassland ecosystems.     

陕西洛川全新世黑垆土理化特征年龄函数的构建

构建土壤理化特征年龄函数是定量认识土壤发育过程的重要途径,也是建立土壤发育模型的基础。本研究通过对陕西洛川全新世黑垆土剖面土壤理化特征及土壤14 C年龄进行研究,利用线性函数、对数函数和三阶多项式对其进行拟合,从而构建土壤年龄函数。结果表明:利用三阶多项式对土壤黏粒(<0.002mm)、粉粒(0.002～0.02mm)、砂粒(0.02～2mm)与土壤年龄拟合效果最好,其变化趋势表明了黑垆土层的存在;而对数函数的拟合结果较好地反映了土壤有机碳随土壤年龄逐渐减少和pH随土壤年龄逐渐增大的过程;土壤CaCO3含量、Mn/Zr,Fe/Zr,K/Zr,Mg/Zr,Ca/Zr,P/Zr,Na/Zr随土壤年龄变化规律与三阶多项式拟合结果最为相符,其结果较好地反映了CaCO3与各种土壤元素在土壤中的迁移过程。     

基于M-DEM的黄土人工锄耕坡面水系分维特征研究

该文旨在微观尺度上对地表微地形水系形成过程及其几何分形特征进行研究与分析,为研究坡面流水侵蚀过程及其防治提供科学依据。通过构建90mm/h雨强、15°坡度下不同水蚀阶段(雨前—溅蚀—片蚀—细沟侵蚀)黄土人工锄耕坡面微地形数字高程模型,设置不同集水面积阈值提取微地形水系,并基于格网法计算相应的水系分维值。结果表明:(1)分形理论用于研究微地形水系及其形成过程具有可行性;(2)降雨前、溅蚀、片蚀和细沟侵蚀阶段的最适集水面积阈值分别为15,20,25,30cm2,对应的最佳分维值分别为1.067,1.088,1.068,1.079;(3)人工锄耕坡面在各侵蚀阶段均处于侵蚀发育的幼年期。该研究不仅为微观层面研究黄土耕作坡面水系分维提供方法指导,也可为进一步揭示土壤侵蚀机理提供数据支持。