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81.
农膜残留对大豆光生理特征及生物量累积的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
农膜覆盖技术的应用及推广极大地提高了干旱半干旱地区的农业产量,促进了当地农业发展及社会经济效益。然而,由于农膜碎片化程度高、回收难度大、降解周期长,使得残留在土壤中的农膜日益增多,严重威胁着作物生长、土壤健康以及农业可持续发展。尽管农膜残留对土壤质量影响的研究较多,但对于其种类(可降解或不可降解)及残留累积量对作物光生理特征的研究还相对较少。本试验以大豆为研究对象,对比普通聚乙烯(PE)和生物降解(BP)两种农膜(残片大小为0.5~2 cm),研究不同农膜残留累积量(土壤重量的0、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%)下大豆花期及初荚期叶片光合作用光、CO_2响应曲线特征及花期、收获期的植株生物量,探讨塑料类型及残留量对大豆光生理特征及生物量累积的影响。结果表明:PE残留导致大豆叶片光补偿点在花期降低23.96%,而初荚期升高51.38%,说明PE残留导致大豆叶片弱光利用能力在花期提升,但在初荚期被抑制。在初荚期,BP残留使光补偿点降低54.82%,且光饱合点升高58.12%,从而提高了叶片强光适应能力,增大了叶片光能利用范围。同时, PE和BP添加使暗呼吸速率分别增长30.56%和22.28%,从而导致干物质消耗增加。土壤中PE、BP残留量的增加,最大光合力分别降低36.49%和23.56%,表明大豆叶片CO_2利用能力减弱; CO_2补偿点分别降低67.96%和38.91%,从而提高了叶片低浓度CO_2的利用能力,并降低光呼吸速率,从而减少了干物质的消耗。此外,不同农膜及残留量处理下,仅在花期0.1%与0.5%残留量的BP处理中,地下生物量随农膜残留量的增加显著降低,其他各处理间地上及地下生物量无明显变化。光响应及CO_2响应曲线各拟合参数与生物量的Pearson相关性分析结果表明,收获期PE处理下,地上生物量与光补偿点呈显著负相关,而光呼吸速率、CO_2补偿点、初始羧化效率与生物量(地上+地下)的积累有较强相关性。因此,PE农膜残留量增加提高了大豆花期叶片对于弱光的利用能力而减弱初荚期对弱光的利用能力,BP农膜残留量增加则会增强初荚期叶片对弱光的利用,也对大豆叶片适应强光的能力有所提升。 相似文献
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83.
Serious nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems causes soil acidification and changes the structure and function of the microbial community. However, it is unclear how these changes are dependent on N deposition rates, other factors induced by N (e.g., pH), and their interactions. In this study, we investigated the responses of soil prokaryotic community structure and stability after a 13-year N addition in the semi-arid Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Our results demonstrated that the prokaryotic community structure changed at the low N addition rate of 1.75 g N m−2 yr−1; however, dramatic changes in microbial abundance, respiratory quotient, and prokaryotic diversity occurred at N addition rates of more than 5.25 g N m−2 yr−1 when the soil pH dropped below 6.0. The two patterns indicated the difference in driving forces for different microbial properties. The N-driven and pH-driven processes are likely the most important mechanisms determining the responses of bacterial community to N. Some copiotrophic/oligotrophic bacteria, e.g., Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, changed their relative abundances with the N addition continuously even at a low rate, indicating that they were more sensitive to N directly. Some bacterial groups significantly changed their relative abundance at a high N addition rate when pH dropped below 6.0, e.g., Verrucomicrobia and Armatimonadetes, indicating that they were more sensitive to pH below 6.0. N addition altered the prokaryotic community structure through enrichment of copiotrophic bacteria (species adjustment) at low N addition rates and through enrichment of nitrophilous taxa and significant loss of diversity at high N rates. The results also demonstrated that a high N addition diminished the stability of the prokaryotic community structure and activity through reduction in species diversity and bacterial interaction. Overall, this study supported the hypothesis that the responses of prokaryota to N were dependent on deposition rates, and N-driven and pH-driven processes were the important mechanisms to control the shift of the prokaryotic community. 相似文献
84.
北方夏玉米滴灌施肥一体化技术应用效果 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为有效提高夏玉米水肥利用效率,通过田间试验对滴灌施肥一体化高效调控与利用技术进行系统的探究。结果表明,与常规漫灌(T1)相比,采用滴灌施肥一体化技术(T2和T3)可显著提高夏玉米大喇叭口期至灌浆期的叶面积指数;显著促进吐丝期至成熟期的干物质积累;在产量构成因素方面显著增加穗粗和穗粒数,并在一定程度上降低玉米穗的秃顶长度,进而显著提高夏玉米的产量。与T1相比,T2和T3增产5.32%~6.13%;水分利用效率提高36.10%~39.42%;氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高37.56%~35.29%、23.09%~30.30%、106.21%~121.51%。此外,采用滴灌施肥一体化技术可显著提高夏玉米生产经济效益。与T1相比,T2和T3可有效降低投产比,收益率平均提高4.71个百分点。在化肥用量较常规灌溉模式减少20%条件下,采用滴灌施肥一体化技术既能显著提高夏玉米产量,又能提高经济效益,是适宜在潮土区推广的一种高效节本增收的灌溉模式。 相似文献
85.
Cd污染农田的炭基修复方案设计和效果评价 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为了解不同Cd污染农田土壤上炭基改良剂的治理效果,运用土壤医生理念,针对广东省韶关和云浮3个重金属Cd污染状况和土壤理化性质不同的区域农田分别设计了3种以生物炭为主要原料,搭配石灰、有机肥等不同辅料的3种生物炭基土壤改良剂,并进行了大田应用试验,同时归纳总结设计原则,评价设计的3种改良剂对Cd污染农田的治理效果。结果表明:在3个区域施用的改良剂均不会降低作物的产量,在Cd污染严重的酸性土壤上有显著增产的效果(增产效果达到383.03%);同时施加3种不同配方的炭基改良剂均可以有效降低作物可食用部位的Cd含量,分别是对照的33.33%、46.88%和42.86%,使3个试验区的农产品可食用部分Cd含量均达到国家标准;施用炭基改良剂,可有效降低土壤中酸溶态Cd的含量,尤其是在酸性较强、Cd污染程度高的土壤中,能够将土壤中活性和生物可利用形态的Cd含量降低18.28%。综上所述,根据土壤理化性质、污染程度和修复目的来针对性设计以生物炭为基础的炭基改良剂可以保障作物产量,提高作物品质,实现对南方Cd污染土壤的改良。 相似文献
86.
Integrated no-till crop and livestock production systems may help rejuvenate degraded pastures, increase land use efficiency (LUE), and increase enterprise revenue. Our objectives were to evaluate: (1) planting date effects on seed yield and nutrient concentration of an early-maturing, no-till system (NTS) soybean (Glycine max) when intercropped with palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha); (2) dry matter production and protein concentration of the grass pasture after soybean harvest; and (3) overall revenue and LUE for the intercrop system. Experiments were performed during two growing seasons in Botucatu, Brazil using a randomized complete block experimental design. When palisade grass and soybean were sown simultaneously, soybean yield averaged 3.28 Mg ha−1. Similar seed yields were observed when palisade grass was planted either 30 d after soybean emergence (DAE) (3.29 Mg ha−1) or at the soybean reproductive stage R6 (full seed) (3.50 Mg ha−1). Monocrop soybean yield averaged 3.50 Mg ha−1. First cut dry matter forage production was greater when palisade grass was sown at the same time as soybean or 30 DAE of soybean. This indicates that interseeding palisade grass with soybean does not significantly affect soybean nutrition or yield. Intercropping did increase LUE and resulted in 1.6 times more revenue than soybean alone. However, sowing palisade grass at the soybean reproductive stage R6 (full seed) significantly reduced the forage yield compared to early planting. 相似文献
87.
Maltogenic amylase originated from Lactobacillus plantarum (LpMA) was studied to investigate its applicability as an antistaling enzyme. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrated that the bread treated with purified LpMA exhibited a retrogradation peak that was 65% that of the control bread. Then, for the purpose of practically using L. plantarum as an antistaling agent, the expression of LpMA in L. plantarum was enhanced by growth on a modified medium; the LpMA expression of L. plantarum grown on De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium supplemented with an additional 6% glucose was 54 times higher than that of L. plantarum grown on the original MRS medium. The side chain length distribution analysis showed that the cell extract of L. plantarum (CELP) tended to prefer to hydrolyzes the long side chains of amylopectin (>30). During storage for 9 days at 4 °C, the bread treated with CELP exhibited a 25% slower retrogradation rate and 63% lower hardness relative to the control bread, indicating that the CELP is a potential candidate for use as an antistaling agent. 相似文献
88.
89.
秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对夏玉米不同时期土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
90.
种植绿肥与稻秸协同还田对单季稻田土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
种植绿肥和秸秆还田是稻田土壤培肥的重要措施。研究江汉平原单季稻田冬闲期种植绿肥及稻秸不同利用模式对土壤有机碳库和土壤酶活性的影响,为合理利用秸秆和土地资源提供科学依据。该研究基于3 a田间定位试验,以稻秸不还田不种绿肥(CK1)和不施肥空白(CK0)为对照,分析了冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖单独还田(RSM)、稻秸原位焚烧还田(RSB)、单种绿肥(GM)以及稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用(RSM+GM)等处理模式下土壤有机碳各组分含量、碳库管理指数、酶活性的变化及其与水稻产量的关系。结果表明:与CK1和CK0相比,RSB处理3 a后显著降低了土壤稳态有机碳含量,对土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量以及碳库管理指数均无显著影响;而GM、RSM及RSM+GM处理3a后显著提高了土壤活性有机碳含量、碳库指数、碳库活度、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数,尤其是RSM和RSM+GM处理还可显著提高土壤总有机碳含量,且多数指标均以RSM+GM处理增幅为最大,其次是RSM处理。与CK1相比,RSB处理3a后显著提高了过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,但对土壤脲酶活性无显著影响;而RSM、GM及RSM+GM处理模式3 a后均可显著增加土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中RSM+GM处理模式在1 a后即可显著提高土壤脲酶活性,2 a后显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,3 a后土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性增幅均是最大。相比于CK1,RSM和RSB处理模式3 a的稻谷增产效果均不显著,而GM和RSM+GM处理模式连续3 a显著提高了稻谷产量,增幅分别为6.88%~11.67%和6.00%~13.40%。相关性分析表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数、土壤酶活性与水稻产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。综上,在江汉平原单季稻作条件下,冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖还田或种植绿肥均可改善土壤肥力,增加作物产量,但前者更有助于土壤有机碳积累,后者更利于作物产量提升。为了兼顾秸秆资源利用、土壤质量改善和作物增产稳产,稻田冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用模式是一种较好的选择。 相似文献