A high-throughput glasshouse bioassay to detect crown rot resistance in wheat germplasm

A high-throughput and reliable seedling bioassay to screen wheat germplasm for crown rot resistance was developed. Single wheat seedlings were grown in square seedling punnets in a glasshouse and inoculated with a monoconidial Fusarium pseudograminearum isolate 10 days after emergence. The punnets were laid horizontally on their side and a 10- µ L inoculum droplet placed on the stem base. Seedlings were incubated at near-saturated relative humidity, and crown rot severity was assessed 35 days after inoculation. Studies on the duration of incubation period, inoculum concentration and temperature were carried out to optimize these parameters. Seedling growth at 25/15(±5)°C in a glasshouse and 48-h incubation at near-saturated RH in darkness gave the best results. When crown rot resistance rankings of 16 Australian cultivars from the bioassay were compared with their field performance, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was highly significant. This indicated that the seedling bioassay mimicked field resistance to crown rot in adult plants. A bootstrap resampling analysis showed little or no improvement in the coefficient of variation with an increasing number of replications, indicating a high level of precision and reproducibility. By detecting small but consistent differences in crown rot severity, the bioassay proved effective in large-scale screening for partial resistance: already over 1400 wheat genotypes have been screened. The high degree of precision makes this an invaluable tool in the understanding of pathogen aggressiveness, host specialization and parasitic fitness.     

湖北和安徽省油菜病毒病调查和病毒血清鉴定

2003年秋至2005年春2个油菜生长季分别到湖北和安徽2省12县市油菜产区进行病毒病发病情况调查,除局部地区和地块发病率达到20%～40%,多数大面积油菜发病率在0.1%以下。应用间接酶联免疫吸附法检测258份病害样品,TuMV占样品总数的90.7%,CMV占样品总数的8.9%,ORMV占样品总数的0.8%。     

油菜内生生防菌BY-2在油菜体内的定殖与对油菜菌核病的防治作用

 从油菜植株体内分离出的内生细菌BY-2,经过生物学鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。用BY-2回接油菜,重新分离到具有BY-2相同形态特征和抑制病原真菌能力的内生菌株。油菜接种后的第10 d,体内的BY-2菌数达(2.24~9.02)×10³ cfu/g鲜植株,25 d仍然保持在(3.13~8.59)×10³ cfu/g鲜植株。BY-2与油菜核盘菌[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.) de Bary]对峙培养可以形成直径为3.1 cm的抑菌圈;可使油菜核盘菌菌丝细胞浓缩变短,细胞壁破裂,原生质外溢,从而抑制真菌生长发育;同时还能抑制菌核的萌发,抑制率达60%~70%;在油菜离体叶片试验中,BY-2对菌核病的防治效果达100%。     

利用RIL群体和自然群体检测与花生含油量相关的SSR标记

以远杂9102×中花5号杂交后代衍生的重组近交系F₈代家系为材料，在含油量测试的基础上，选用10份低油材料(平均含油量52.91%)、12份高油材料(平均含油量58.85%)以及亲本进行SSR引物筛选，通过631对SSR引物扩增，筛选出来源于7对引物的13个有显著差异的片段可以有效区分低油材料和高油材料。以这7对差异引物在F₈ RIL群体中扩增，对20份低油家系材料(含油量<55%)和45份高油家系材料(含油量>56%)进行统计分析，获得1个与花生含油量相关的分子标记2A5-250/240，其中，标记2A5-250为低油材料(含油量<55%)所拥有，相符率为95.0%，标记2A5-240为高油材料(含油量>56%)所拥有，相符率为88.9%。用SSR标记2A5-250/240检测11份高油(平均含油量为55.93%)栽培种花生和11份低油(平均含油量为48.41%)栽培种花生，结果表明，标记2A5-240与高油栽培种花生的符合率为63.6%，2A5-250与低油栽培种花生的符合率为90.9%。在19份高油(平均含油量为58.60%)野生花生中，10份野生花生能检测到标记2A5-240。综合分析RIL群体和自然群体的研究结果表明，标记2A5-250/240可用于花生含油量分子标记辅助选择。     

基于近红外傅里叶特征提取方法的土壤含水率检测

以湖北地区的3种土壤为研究对象,利用偏最小二乘法建立了处理后样品的土壤含水率分析模型,模型预测值与标准值的决定系数为0.995,交叉验证预测均方差为0.801%,模型预测决定系数为0.992,预测均方差为0.912%,利用该模型预测黄土高原地区黄绵土含水率误差均大于4%.利用近红外光谱傅里叶变换特征提取方法对湖北地区黄棕壤、稻田土和潮土建立土壤含水率PLS预测模型,模型决定系数为0.988,交叉验证预测均方差为1.106%,且该模型预测黄绵土的误差均在2%左右,精度较传统模型有较大提高.     

一个对播种期反应敏感的不育大豆特征分析

Brim和Young最早发现并报道了大豆雄性不育、雌性可育突变体,即msl系统(Brim and Young 1971)。其特点是雌性大部分可育,雄性几乎完全不育;产生大量双胚苗(Kenworthy等,1973);由减数分裂的异常引起(Albertsen,1976)。此外,在大豆中还发现了其它完全或部分雄性不育突变。这包括Arkansas部分雄性不育(Cavines等,1970;Cavines and Fagala,1973)、ms2突变休(Bernard and Cremeens,1975)和Wabash雄性不育(Chaudhari and Davis,1977)。Palmer证实,在msl位点的4个独立突变均引致雄性不育(Reid G. Palmer等,1978)。作者曾对一个核质互作雄性不育大豆的发现、特征及表现进行了描述,并进行初步遗传分析(Yuhua Peng el al.,1993)。本文对一新的不育材料进行了详细的描述和分析。     

江西省芝麻地方种质表型性状遗传多样分析

【目的】对江西省芝麻地方种质资源进行表型性状遗传多样分析,为江西芝麻种质资源的有效利用及开发提供理论参考。【方法】依托“第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动”从江西省39个县(市、区)收集到的132份芝麻地方种质为试验材料,对其23个表型性状(12个质量性状和11个数量性状)进行测定,并计算遗传多样性指数和变异系数。同时,对11个数量性状进行相关分析,并对供试种质进行聚类分析。【结果】23个表型性状的平均遗传多样性指数为1.2821,其中,12个质量性状的遗传多样性指数为0.3217~1.0307,平均0.7290;11个数量性状的变异系数为4.70%~43.58%,遗传多样性指数为1.6138~2.0627,平均1.8855。3种粒色类型芝麻种质中,以46份白芝麻种质表型性状的平均遗传多样性指数最高,为1.3602,74份黑芝麻种质和12份其他粒色(黄色、褐色、黄褐色、红褐色等)芝麻种质表型性状的平均遗传多样性指数分别为1.1782和1.0476。生育期与株高、始蒴高度、蒴果长、千粒重和蛋白含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,下同),但与含油量呈极显著负相关。供试的132份芝麻种质资源可分为四大类,不同类群种质的来源地存在地理位置的交错分布现象,其中,第Ⅰ类群可作为潜在选育芝麻高含油量新品种的亲本材料,第Ⅱ类群可作为潜在高产优良芝麻材料利用,第Ⅲ类群可作为潜在矮杆株型的亲本材料,第Ⅳ类群可作为潜在的高蛋白型亲本材料加以利用。【结论】江西芝麻地方种质资源的主要表型性状变异较大,遗传多样性较丰富,其中以46份白芝麻种质的遗传多样性更丰富。种质间亲缘关系与地理来源无必然联系。以高产高蛋白为育种目标时应选择株高较高,始蒴高度适中、蒴果较大、千粒重较高的材料为亲本,并据此进行后代选择。     

Histopathological changes induced by Meloidogyne incognita in some ornamental plants

Histopathological changes induced by the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in five ornamental plants, specifically, Calendula (Calendula officinalis), Centaurea (Centaurea montana), Papaver (Papaver somniferum), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and Dianthus (Dianthus caryophyllus), were investigated. Based on the galling index (GI), Centaurea was classified as susceptible, Calendula as moderately susceptible, and Papaver as moderately resistant, while Chrysanthemum and Dianthus were highly resistant to M. incognita infection. The histopathology of the galled roots of Centaurea, Calendula, and Papaver during later stages of infection showed that nematodes were localized entirely within the cortex and generally oriented horizontally to the vascular cylinder. Most of the females were mature, and a few of them were associated with egg masses. Giant cells with a variation in cell sizes were observed in the galled roots of all three of the plant species and exhibited a granular cytoplasm and hypertrophied nuclei as a typical reaction to nematode feeding.     

生育后期湿涝胁迫对不同种植方式花生产量性状及品质的影响

本文采用模拟人工淹水逆境的试验方法,研究花生生育后期,湿涝胁迫对不同种植方式下花生产量、品质的影响。结果表明:湿涝胁迫可使花生的百果重、百仁重、饱果率、出仁率、单株生产力、单株结果数和产量明显降低,籽仁脂肪和油酸含量有所降低,蛋白和亚油酸含量有所提高。湿涝胁迫对花生产量及品质的影响程度:结荚期胁迫危害大于成熟期,平作种植危害大于起垄种植。     

花生高油酸育种研究进展

花生是我国重要的油料作物、经济作物和出口创汇作物。花生籽粒油脂的品质是由脂肪酸的组成决定的,高油酸的花生油脂稳定性好,有更高的市场价值与营养价值。因此选育高油酸的花生材料和品种已成为目前花生品质改良育种的重要内容。本文综述了高油酸含量性状的遗传规律、高油酸产生的分子机制、杂交育种、突变育种、基因工程育种等方面的研究进展。分析高油酸花生育种中存在的问题,以期为我国花生高油酸育种和种质资源的发掘与利用提供参考。