Soil sickness of peanuts is attributable to modifications in soil microbes induced by peanut root exudates rather than to direct allelopathy

The quantity and quality of peanut yields are seriously compromised by consecutive monoculture in the subtropical regions of China. Root exudates, which represent a growth regulator in peanut–soil feedback processes, play a principal role in soil sickness. The growth inhibition of a species in an in vitro bioassay enriched with root exudates and allelochemicals is commonly viewed as evidence of an allelopathic interaction. However, for some of these putative examples of allelopathy, the results have not been verified in more natural settings with plants continuously growing in soil. In this study, the phenolic acids in peanut root exudates, their retention characteristics in an Udic Ferrosol, and their effects on rhizosphere soil microbial communities and peanut seedling growth were studied. Phenolic acids from peanut root exudates were quickly metabolized by soil microorganisms and did not accumulate to high levels. The peanut root exudates selectively inhibited or stimulated certain communal bacterial and fungal species, with decreases in the relative abundance of the bacterial taxa Gelria glutamica, Mitsuaria chitosanitabida, and Burkholderia soli and the fungal taxa Mortierella sp. and Geminibasidium hirsutum and increases in the relative abundance of the bacterial taxon Desulfotomaculum ruminis and the fungal taxa Fusarium oxysporum, Bionectria ochroleuca and Phoma macrostoma. The experimental application of phenolic acids to non-sterile and sterile soil revealed that the poor performance of the peanut plants was attributed to changes in the soil microbial communities promoted by phenolic acids. These results suggest that pathogenic fungal accumulation at the expense of such beneficial microorganisms as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi induced by root exudates, rather than direct autotoxicity induced by root exudates, might represent the principal cause underlying the soil sickness associated with peanut plants. We hope that our study will motivate researchers to integrate the role of soil microbial communities in allelopathic research, such that their observed significance in soil sickness during continuous monocropping of fields can be further explored.     

Responses of soil microarthropods to warming and increased precipitation in a semiarid temperate steppe

Soil microarthropods are an important component in soil food webs and their responses to climate change could have profound impacts on ecosystem functions. As part of a long-term manipulative experiment, with increased temperature and precipitation in a semiarid temperate steppe in the Mongolian Plateau which started in 2005, this study was conducted to examine effects of climate change on the abundance of soil microarthropods. Experimental warming had slightly negative but insignificant effects on the abundance of mites (−14.6%) and Collembola (−11.7%). Increased precipitation greatly enhanced the abundance of mites and Collembola by 117 and 45.3%, respectively. The response direction and magnitude of mites to warming and increased precipitation varied with suborder, leading to shifts in community structure. The positive relationships of mite abundance with plant cover, plant species richness, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen suggest that the responses of soil microarthropods to climate change are largely regulated by food resource availability. The findings of positive dependence of soil respiration upon mite abundance indicate that the potential contribution of soil fauna to soil CO₂ efflux should be considered when assessing carbon cycling of semiarid grassland ecosystems under climate change scenarios.     

基于逆模型解耦的绿茶烘焙变论域模糊控制

绿茶烘焙过程,伴随着复杂的物质交换和热交换,温、湿度变化耦合严重。针对这一问题该文提出了一种基于逆模型解耦的变论域模糊控制方法。采用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)方法辨识绿茶烘焙过程,建立精度相对较高逆模型,根据试验结果,电热丝电流平均误差为4.3%,而风机转速为8.5%。将该模型并与被控对象进行串联,建立伪线性系统,实现温、湿度解耦。同时采用模糊控制器对温、湿度分别进行独立控制,同时对模糊控制器的论域进行改进,增强系统的环境适应能力。性能试验结果表明,该控制系统能够将温度误差控制在小于1.4℃,相对湿度控制误差仅为2.8%;品质试验表明,绿茶橙花叔醇成分平均提升15.2%,α-法呢烯成分平均提升17.4%,芳樟醇成分平均提升14.2%。该文方法能够有效提升绿茶烘焙过程的控制效果,提供了一种控制绿茶烘焙过程的新途径。     

长期定位施肥对夏玉米钾素吸收及土壤钾素动态变化的影响

以长期定位试验为平台,夏玉米品种郑单136为材料,设置CK（不施肥）,NP（施氮、 磷肥）,NPK（施氮、 磷、 钾肥）和1.5MNPK（小麦季施高量氮、 磷、 钾肥+有机肥,玉米季仅施用化肥）4个处理,研究夏玉米钾素吸收规律及生育期内土壤钾素动态变化。结果表明,生育期内施钾与不施钾处理夏玉米干物质积累量均一直增加,在成熟期达到最大值; 在施用氮、 磷肥的基础上增施钾肥不但可以提高夏玉米地上部干物质积累量,同时也可以提高叶片及茎秆中的钾素含量,进而提高夏玉米整个地上部吸钾量;而在氮、 磷、 钾肥基础上增施有机肥,对夏玉米干物质积累无显著影响,但可显著提高茎秆及叶片的钾素含量和地上部钾素吸收总量。夏玉米钾素吸收主要集中在灌浆期之前,在灌浆期达到最大值,之后钾素出现回流现象。夏玉米收获后与播种前相比,土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量无明显下降或者略有增加,而非交换性钾明显下降,非交换性钾是夏玉米钾素吸收的主要形式。夏玉米吸钾量与播种前土壤3种形态的钾素含量呈显著正相关。因此,增施钾肥对于改善夏玉米生产,维持土壤钾素平衡及实现农业可持续发展具有深远意义。     

农药缓释颗粒剂载体材料类型及应用研究进展

随着功能材料、缓释技术以及加工工艺的不断发展,传统农药剂型颗粒剂焕发出新的生机,基于防治场景的省力化、精简化、功能型颗粒剂不断涌现.在中国农业农村部提出农药零增长行动方案的背景下,发展缓释颗粒剂是当前提高农药利用率的一个重要且有前景的方向.本文按照颗粒剂的制备工艺进行分类,综述了不同类型颗粒剂的制备原理、载体材料类型、...     

洛阳地区油葵新品种GE817的引种及推广应用

油葵新品种GE817抗逆性强、适应性广、综合性状良好。通过近几年的引种示范、试验,从生产实践中总结出一套GE817栽培管理技术措施。通过大力推广新型高效栽培模式加上技术指导,提升油葵新品种GE817在洛阳地区的高产潜力,实现油葵产业健康可持续发展。另一方面要持续加大科技力度,争取在油葵育种方面实现突破,为洛阳市油葵产业发展扬帆领航。     

间伐对华北落叶松林林分结构稳定性的影响

为研究间伐对华北落叶松林分结构稳定性的影响,使得森林结构分布更加合理,对关帝山林区的华北落叶松采取不同抚育强度的间伐,测定林分内物种丰富度和生长指标,依托胸径计算不同间伐样地的角尺度、混交度和大小比数,分析间伐对林分物种结构和空间结构参数的影响,综合评价森林结构的稳定性。结果表明,随着间伐强度的增加,林分物种多样性各参数无明显变化规律,但当强度大于17%时整体物种多样性优于对照样地,角尺度呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,混交度呈先上升趋于稳定后下降的趋势,大小比增加并趋于稳定。由此可知,17%以上的间伐强度能够改善林分整体物种结构,13%~17%的间伐强度适用于调整华北落叶松林分分布状态,间伐对于改善林分内树种组成结构具有积极促进作用,间伐使得林分内树木竞争减弱。     

利用DH群体构建不结球白菜遗传连锁图谱

以不结球白菜品种暑绿的112个双单倍体(double haploid,DH)株系构成的群体作为作图群体,利用SRAP、SSR、RAPD和ISSR 4种分子标记来构建不结球白菜分子遗传连锁图谱.通过Mapmaker 3.0/EXP软件分析,得到1张不结球白菜分子遗传图谱,图谱总长度1 116.9 cM,共包括14个连锁群,186个多态性分子标记,其中包括114个SRAP、33个SSR、24个RAPD和15个ISSR标记,其中偏分离标记44个,占23.7%.每条连锁群上的标记数在4～27个之间, 连锁群的长度在30.3～165.8 cM的范围内,平均图距在3.4～11.1 cM之间,总平均距离6.0 cM.     

高含油量油菜新品种杂双5号的选育

杂双5号是河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所选育的甘蓝型油菜新品种。它是以88A作母本,以98143做父本配制而成的细胞质雄性不育三系杂种。杂双5号具有高含油量、品质优良、抗病、抗倒伏、丰产性突出、稳产性好、适应性广等优点。在2 a河南省油菜区域试验中,平均产量2 866.35 kg/hm2,比对照杂98009增产8.73%;在河南省油菜生产试验中,杂双5号平均产量3 079.65 kg/hm2,比对照杂98009增产15.89%。杂双5号种子芥酸含量0.15%,硫苷含量25.68μmol/g,达到国家双低油菜标准;含油量46.98%,属高含油量品种。杂双5号2008年通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会审定,是一个极具推广应用前景的优良品种。此外,介绍了杂双5号的高产保优栽培技术。     

黄河小浪底库区山地植物群落恢复进程研究

为定量分析植被恢复进程的变化特征,该文以黄河小浪底库区山地植物群落为研究对象,在样方调查的基础上,应用主成分分析法对影响恢复进程的指标进行了分析;采用层次分析技术构建了恢复进程的评价指标体系,结合聚类结果,利用植被恢复度指数对研究区的植被恢复进程进行了评价。结果表明:研究区植物群落可以划分为15种类型,其中4个乔木群落、6个灌草群落和5个草本群落。主成分分析表明,土壤含水量、群落盖度、土壤容重、土壤有机质等指标在第一主成分（PC1）表达式中具有较大的特征值,土壤条件和群落盖度对第一主成分贡献较大;在第二主成分（PC2）的表达式中,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′的影响最大,其次是坡向和土壤厚度;在第三主成分（PC3）的表达式中,坡度特征值最高,影响最大,其次是土壤有机质和群落盖度的影响。聚类分析将调查样方分为4个类别,利用层次分析法,采用植被恢复度指数把研究区植被恢复进程划分为恢复稳定期、恢复中期、恢复进展期和恢复初期4个等级。通过检验,所构建的评价模型可靠性较高。