水氮梯度对饲用甜高粱生长和水分利用效率的影响

  【目的】  探究不同灌溉量和施氮水平对饲用甜高粱生长特性、单株耗水规律以及水分利用效率的影响,为确定饲用甜高粱适宜种植密度、优化水氮管理措施以及提高栽培生产潜力提供理论支撑。  【方法】  在温室条件下进行二因素三水平随机区组试验,供试饲用甜高粱品种为‘大力士’。设置了3个灌溉量,分别为达到田间持水量的30%～50% (I1)、50%～70% (I2)、70%～90% (I3);设置了3个施氮水平,分别为0 kg/hm2 (N0)、200 kg/hm2 (N1)、400 kg/hm2 (N2)。在饲用甜高粱拔节期取样,测定甜高粱株高、茎粗、鲜重与干重。同时,采用自动称重式蒸渗仪测定单株耗水动态,计算了干物质水分利用效率。  【结果】  1)增加灌溉量显著增加了饲用甜高粱株高和茎粗,与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下甜高粱株高分别提高了20.0%和34.5%,茎粗分别增加了18.0%和36.6%。施氮对株高和茎粗无显著影响。2)增加灌溉量显著提高甜高粱植株茎、叶及地上部鲜重和干重,施氮水平仅显著影响叶的鲜重和茎的干重。与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下地上部整株鲜重分别提高158.1%、290.1%,干重分别提高84.8%、139.3%。与N0相比,N1、N2施氮量下叶的鲜重分别提高7.6%、4.6%,茎的干重分别降低8.5%、10.4%。I1灌溉量下茎叶比<1,I2和I3灌溉量下茎叶比>1,随着灌溉量增加,饲用甜高粱茎叶比显著增加。在I1、I3灌溉量下,茎叶比随着施氮量的增加而降低。3)随着灌溉量的增加,甜高粱单株耗水量显著增加,而水分利用效率则显著下降。与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下累积耗水量分别提高了101.3%、178.9%,水分利用效率分别降低了8.0%、13.9%。施氮对甜高粱单株累积耗水量及水分利用效率均无显著影响。  【结论】  灌溉量显著影响着甜高粱的生长、干物质量的积累以及干物质向茎秆的分配,过高的灌水量会增加饲用甜高粱的耗水量,降低水分利用效率。氮素对甜高粱的生长未显现出促进作用,高施氮量还会增加干物质在叶片中的分配。因此,适度灌溉并施用少量氮肥可能更适合甜高粱的饲用品质和高水分利用效率。     

河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区人类干扰对生境质量的影响及空间优化策略

[目的] 探究自然保护区内人类活动强度对生境质量的影响,为提升自然保护区生境质量和空间优化提供依据。[方法] 基于2021年土地利用数据和其他空间数据,利用InVEST模型、人类影响指数模型和双变量空间自相关模型等方法,分析河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区(以下简称黄河保护区)内出现的主要用地冲突问题,生境质量与人类活动影响的空间分布特征及其空间上的相关性。[结果] ①研究区主要用地冲突类型为农村建设用地、农田和鱼塘,共占总面积的28.85%。②人类影响指数中等以上面积占总面积的37.97%,人类影响指数呈现“东西两侧高,中间区域低”的空间分布特征。③生境质量指数均值0.65,中级生境质量以下面积比例达52.46%,总体呈中级以下水平。④人类影响指数与生境质量之间呈现空间负相关(Moran’s I为-0.519)。[结论] 今后整合优化过程中黄河保护区需清退农田与鱼塘,将东部平原区河道湿地作为保护重点,优化保护范围,结合人类活动特点制定管控和优化策略,提升生境质量。     

Multi-scale responses of bird species to tree cover and development in an urbanizing landscape

Landscape change is an ongoing process for even the most established landscapes, especially in context to urban intensification and growth. As urbanization increases over the next century, supporting bird species’ populations within urbanizing areas remains an important conservation challenge. Fundamental elements of the biophysical structure of urban environments in which bird species likely respond include tree cover and human infrastructure. We broadly examine how tree cover and urban development structure bird species distributions along the urban-rural gradient across multiple spatial scales. We established a regional sampling design within the Oak Openings Region of northwestern, Ohio, USA, to survey bird species distributions across an extensive urbanization gradient. Through occupancy modeling, we obtained standardized effects of bird species response to local and landscape-scale predictors and found that landscape tree cover influenced the most species, followed by landscape impervious surface, local building density, and local tree cover. We found that responses varied according to habitat affiliation and migratory distance of individual bird species. Distributions of short-distance, edge habitat species located towards the rural end of the gradient were explained primarily by low levels of urbanization and potential vegetative and supplemental resources associated with these areas, while forest species distributions were primarily related to increasing landscape tree cover. Our findings accentuate the importance of scale relative to urbanization and help target where potential actions may arise to benefit bird diversity. Management will likely need to be implemented by municipal governments and agencies to promote tree cover at landscape scale, followed by residential land management education for private landowners. These approaches will be vital in sustaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes as urban growth expands over the next century.     

Overwintering in a megacity: Urban green areas and migratory birds in Mexico City

Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds are threatened by land-use change throughout their complex annual cycles. While urbanization is an essential driver of land-use change, it is unclear how it affects migrant birds. Although migratory birds are more diverse in non-urban patches of native vegetation than in urban areas, neotropical cities can host diverse assemblages of overwintering migrant birds. Migratory birds in neotropical cities tend to be closely associated with urban green areas (UGAs). However, how their presence and abundance are affected by the habitat elements of UGAs and the urban matrix of neotropical cities is poorly understood. In this study, we compared the migratory bird species richness and abundances among UGAs and the urban matrix of the southern section of the megacity of Mexico City and native vegetation sites outside the city. Our results show that UGAs in neotropical cities provide habitats capable of maintaining complex overwintering migratory bird assemblages with local trees as critical features. We also assess the role that UGAs' characteristics play in determining migrant bird assemblages. We conducted bird censuses and measured habitat traits to determine how migrant bird assemblages are related to the habitat features of our study sites. We measured local, buffer, and spatial habitat features of each UGA. We found 23 overwintering migrant species in the three habitats, with 22 present within UGAs. Both UGAs and urban matrix sites had higher estimated species richness of migrant birds than non-urban native vegetation sites located outside the city. Only local features of UGAs affected migrant birds. While tree abundance in UGAs was positively associated with migratory bird species richness, the proportion of tree coverage was positively related to bird abundance. Our results show that UGAs in neotropical cities can maintain complex overwintering migratory bird assemblages, with trees being the most critical habitat feature. As a result, UGA management focused on maintaining trees and increasing their numbers can improve habitat conditions for migratory birds overwintering in neotropical cities.     

Planning small for winning big: Small urban green space distribution patterns in an expanding city

While major urban areas are expanding, becoming more crowded, vegetated lands areshrinking. Built-up densification limits the planning of large urban green spaces,depriving urban dwellers of the benefits provided by such structures. In this context,small public urban green spaces (SPUGS) become of high value for urban landscapes,and their distribution throughout the city should aim to compensate the lack of largergreen areas. The driving forces of SPUGS distribution may be linked to the urbanfunctions they are usually paired with.The current study aimed to determine which are the urban functions that benefit ofhigher amounts of SPUGS in their proximities and to map the distribution and densityof SPUGS within Bucharest, helping us expose the green deprived communities.Results revealed that multi-dwelling residential areas are the ones with higher share ofSPUGS within walking distance. Nevertheless, analysis on SPUGS deprivation withinthe city showed that communist planned residential neighbourhoods are greener thanthe ones developed in the past three decades. Healthcare and commercial functionswithin the city recorded smaller shares of SPUGS in their proximity, highlighting thatvulnerable groups (such as ill people) are exposed to less vegetation, and that publicplanning documents are not encouraging developers to allocate more land for greenfeature development.These results are relevant for projecting the quality of outdoor environmentsthroughout Romania’s capital and for assessing potential future managementchallenges. The outcomes of this research provide local policy makers and plannerswith the vulnerable areas in which immediate action for expanding the greeninfrastructures should take place. At the same time, the methodological approachdescribed in the study proved to be efficient in assessing the distribution of SPUGSthroughout the city and the determinants of this distribution. It can be easily replicatedin other cities by scholars and planners.     

钾肥种类及用量对低温胁迫下苜蓿根颈糖类物质含量及抗寒性的影响

为探讨钾肥种类及用量对苜蓿越冬器官抗寒性的影响及根颈糖类保护物质代谢的生理机制,本研究对‘北极熊’紫花苜蓿（M.sativa ‘Gibraltar’）施用KCl、K₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄ 3种钾肥,设置100、200、300 kg·hm^-2K₂O（分别用K₁、K₂和K₃表示）3个施用量,以不施钾肥为对照（CK）,于封冻前期挖取苜蓿越冬器官模拟低温冷冻胁迫处理（4℃、-10℃、-20℃和 -30℃）,测定根颈活力、可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和淀粉含量。结果表明,随着低温冷冻胁迫温度的降低,KCl、K₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄处理的苜蓿根颈活力和淀粉含量表现为持续降低的变化趋势,在-30℃下达到最小值,且与4℃处理呈显著差异（P＜0.05）,分别较4℃处理降低了86.25％～91.59％和45.47％～66.07％;可溶性糖、蔗糖和果糖含量则表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势,且均在-20℃下达到最大值,分别达到431.00～513.93 mg·g^-1、235.23～329.05 mg·g^-1和185.75～243.79 μg·g^-1。随着钾肥施用量的增加,KCl、K₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄处理的苜蓿根颈活力、可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和淀粉含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势;且在不同低温胁迫处理下以K₂SO₄处理效果最明显,并且在施用量为200 kg·hm^-2K₂O时,苜蓿根颈活力、可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和淀粉含量均与CK差异显著（P＜0.05）,分别较CK增长了56.03％～197.26％、16.38％～48.77％、24.13％～46.22％、30.53％～59.95％和35.73％～67.87％。因此,科尔沁沙地建植苜蓿宜施用K₂SO₄种类钾肥,建议施用量为200 kg·hm^-2K₂O,更有利于提高苜蓿越冬器官的抗寒性。     

无土草毯研究进展

无土草毯是指不用土壤作为基质,而是将营养元素和矿物质根据草坪草生长所需科学的配置置入培养基质中,在培养基质中正常生长发育而成的可用于铺植的草毯.对无土草毯生产的基质种类、理化性质、栽培管理技术等进行了归纳总结.目前无土草毯采用的基质主要为泥炭、秸秆、城市污泥等有机基质,砂、蛭石及珍珠岩等无机基质以及有机材料与无机材料混合成的混合基质.无土草毯生产主要受到基质的容重、总孔隙度、大小孔隙比(气水比)和粒径等物理性质的影响,同时基质的酸碱性(pH值)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和电导率(EC值)等化学性质也是影响无土草毯栽培的关键因素.近年来有关无土草毯生产的栽培技术热点主要集中在隔离材料、基质厚度、草种播量及成坪时间等方面,其中隔离材料主要是无纺布、塑料地膜及遮阳网等;基质原料不同,其厚度也存在差异,但无论哪种基质,基质厚度均在1.5～3.0 cm之间为宜;此外无土草毯生产的草种播量以及成坪时间也因草种、播量以及地域的不同而存在差异.     

甘肃定西小扁豆镰刀菌根腐病病原鉴定及致病性测定

对定西李家堡镇、十八里铺镇、巉口镇的小扁豆根腐病植株进行了分离,得到了130株镰刀菌单孢株系,经鉴定为6个种,其中尖孢镰刀菌100株,所占比例最大,为76.96%,茄病镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌、接骨木镰刀菌、锐顶镰镰刀菌所占比例分别为9.00%、7.00%、3.90%、0.70%、3.08%。盆栽致病性测定结果表明尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌都有致病性,是小扁豆根腐病的病原菌,其中尖孢镰刀菌为优势病原菌,并且茄病镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌作为小扁豆根腐病病原在国内首次报道。幼苗接种结果表明小扁豆在发芽第8 d发病率最高,在胚根中部和基部侵染率高。     

The effects of regrowth and maintenance height on a grass sward with a high density of tillers

A perennial ryegrass sward was grazed by sheep in April 1993 to a target sward surface height (SSH) of 3 cm to create a high density of grass tillers. From 3 May, the sheep were removed and small plots were established on the sward, when the average tiller density (± s.e.) was 35 900 ± 420 live tillers m⁻². Different regrowth treatments were then imposed by allowing plots to regrow to target SSHs of 6 cm (18 g dry matter (DM) M⁻²), 9 cm (78 g DM m⁻²), 12 cm (132 g DM m⁻²) or 15 cm (197 g DM m⁻²). The plots were then maintained by cutting at either 6 or 9 cm SSH until the end of the experiment on 30 September. Live tiller density was reduced by regrowth beyond 8.9 cm (78 g DM m⁻², P <0.001) and leaf-stem ratio and in vitro organic matter digestibility were reduced by regrowth beyond 6.1 cm (18 g DM m⁻², P < 0.05). The effect on live tiller density was sustained through the remainder of the season. From the beginning of June to the end of September, maintenance of SSH at an average of 9.1 cm compared with 6.4 cm also resulted in lower live tiller density, live-dead tiller ratio and leaf-stem ratio and higher herbage mass (at least P < 0. 05). There were significant interactions between regrowth SSH and maintenance SSH, so that leaf-stem ratio, live-dead tiller ratio and live tiller density were reduced by regrowth to a SSH of 16–4 cm followed by maintenance at 9.1 cm, compared with regrowth to 6.1 cm and maintenance at 6.4 cm.     

混合盐碱对紫花苜蓿苗期根系特征的影响

为研究紫花苜蓿根系对混合盐碱胁迫的响应,探索紫花苜蓿对混合盐碱的适应特点,为紫花苜蓿在盐碱地的栽培实践提供理论依据。本试验以"甘农三号"紫花苜蓿为试验材料,采用两种中性盐NaCl和Na2SO4及两种碱性盐NaHCO3和Na2CO3,按不同比例混合成为A(NaCl∶Na2SO4=1∶1)、B(NaCl∶NaHCO3=1∶1)、C(NaCl∶Na2SO4∶NaHCO3∶Na2CO3=1∶1∶1∶1)、D(Na2SO4∶Na2CO3=1∶1)、E(NaHCO3∶Na2CO3=1∶1)5种混合盐,分别以25 mmol.L 1、50 mmol.L 1、100 mmol.L 1、150 mmol.L 14种盐浓度,模拟出20种盐度和碱度各不相同的混合盐碱条件对紫花苜蓿幼苗进行处理,测定了根系总长度、根系平均直径、根表面积、根尖数等指标,以了解紫花苜蓿根系在混合盐碱胁迫下的生长特性。结果表明,盐浓度为影响紫花苜蓿根系生长的主要因素。混合盐碱对根尖数的影响表现出明显的负效应,对根系平均直径的影响并不明显。随着混合盐浓度的升高,根系总长度、根表面积呈现先增大后减小的趋势。A、B处理的根长分别在盐浓度为25 mmol.L 1和50 mmol.L 1时达到最大值,分别比对照(0 mmol.L 1)增加50.7%和37.9%,而且差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);在盐浓度达到150 mmol.L 1时,A、B、C、D、E的根系总长度分别比对照减少26.6%、37.7%、51.6%、37.0%和55.7%,差异显著。A、C、D组处理下仅在25 mmol.L 1时,根表面积显著增加,分别比对照增加21.1%、43.4%和12.7%;在浓度为150 mmol.L 1时,E处理下根表面积显著减小,比对照减少49.6%。表明低浓度混合盐碱对紫花苜蓿根系的生长影响不显著或具有一定的促进作用,高浓度胁迫下抑制根系的生长;在高盐浓度下随着碱性盐比例的增加,对紫花苜蓿根系生长的抑制作用越明显。