黄土高原半干旱区春小麦产量变动的影响因子分析

为揭示影响半干旱区春小麦产量波动的环境因子,依据甘肃省定西市农业气象试验站1987—2011年春小麦农业气象观测资料以及文献收集（1993—2013年）获得的春小麦耗水量与产量关系资料,分析了影响黄土高原半干旱区春小麦产量变动的环境因子。结果表明：春小麦产量与5月及主要生育期蒸发量与降水量差呈极显著的负相关关系,且负相关关系受播前土壤含水量的影响,播前土壤水分含量越大,在相同大气蒸发力条件下,春小麦产量越高,反之亦然。春小麦产量与5月份降水量以及播前土壤含水量呈正相关关系,降水量相同,播前土壤水分含量越大,产量越高,在相同土壤含水量条件下,主要生育期大气越干燥,产量越低。有效供水量可以解释60.4%的产量变率,耗水量可解释93.4%的产量变率,温度并不会对研究区春小麦产量变动造成直接影响,其通过空气饱和差影响产量形成。     

7个野生一年生早熟禾种质萌发期耐盐性综合评价

本研究用不同浓度的NaCl和Na₂SO₄溶液处理7个野生一年生早熟禾(Poa annua L.)种子，通过测定种子萌发特性的变化，研究其萌发时的耐盐能力，以期为一年生早熟禾耐盐新品种的选育提供依据。结果表明，随着NaCl和Na₂SO₄胁迫浓度的增大，7个种质的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数和相对活力指数均逐渐降低，相对盐害率逐渐增大，且同一盐浓度胁迫对相对根长的抑制普遍强于相对芽长。一年生早熟禾(湟中)种子萌发时对盐溶液的耐性最强，且Na₂SO₄对一年生早熟禾种子萌发的抑制作用大于NaCl。隶属函数法综合评价显示，7个种质萌发期耐盐性强弱依次为：一年生早熟禾(湟中)＞一年生早熟禾(甘州)＞一年生早熟禾(永昌)＞一年生早熟禾(安宁)＞一年生早熟禾(天祝)＞一年生早熟禾(凉州)＞一年生早熟禾(秦州)。综上，一年生早熟禾(湟中)和一年生早熟禾(甘州)具有培育耐盐一年生早熟禾新品种的开发应用潜力。     

基于AHP的黄土高原乡土地被植物评价体系的建立与应用

以充分发掘黄土高原地区乡土地被植物为目标，采用层次分析法(Analytic hierarchy process，AHP)构建了乡土地被植物综合评价体系，运用该体系对兰州野生地被植物进行了评价。结果显示，该体系中指标权重值的排序为生态适应性＞园艺学特性＞园林观赏性＞开发新颖性，生态适应性最为重要，符合黄土高原地区生态环境特点和绿化需求；在兰州市共调查采集到乡土地被植物70种，其中开发利用价值高的有草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)等共13种；地被特性较好、可适度开发的有细叶鸢尾(Iris tenuifolia)等共31种;开发利用价值一般的有甘青铁线莲(Clematis tangutica)等共14种；三裂绣线菊(Spiraea trilobata)等12种植物对生境要求严格，繁殖难度大，不适宜在兰州市作地被应用。该评价体系把定性判断和定量判断相结合，能准确、快速反映乡土地被植物资源特点，可为黄土高原地区开发利用乡土植物提供参考。     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

生物炭与木醋液对中度盐土N2O和NH3排放的影响

为探究生物炭与木醋液对盐土尿素氮的硝化过程、N₂O排放和NH₃挥发的影响，以甘肃中度盐土为研究对象，设置不施尿素对照（CK）、单施尿素（N）、尿素+生物炭（N+B）、尿素+木醋液（N+WV）和尿素+生物炭+木醋液（N+B+WV）5个处理，开展室内好气培养试验。结果表明：（1）各处理在培养0~14 d的表观硝化率均呈上升趋势，其中N+B+WV处理较其他处理铵态氮含量最高、表观硝化率最低，培养后期表观硝化率明显提高；培养结束N+B+WV处理氨氧化细菌（AOB）amoA基因丰度较N处理显著提高，增幅为76.5%，氨氧化古菌（AOA）amoA基因丰度较CK显著降低，降幅为51.5%。（2）与CK相比，N处理N₂O和NH₃累积排放量显著增加；与N处理相比，N+WV、N+B和N+B+WV处理N₂O累积排放量分别增加10.0%、减少9.5%和减少18.2%，氧化亚氮还原酶nosZ基因丰度分别降低9.3%、26.1%和37.7%，NH₃累积挥发量分别减少30.5%、28.9%和49.0%。（3）综合计算各处理N₂O和NH₃排放的温室效应潜能发现，与N处理相比，N+B+WV处理降低温室效应潜能20.0%，减排效果最显著。综上，在中度盐土区采用生物炭与木醋液配施可以有效减少盐土中N₂O和NH₃排放，有利于减少土壤氮素损失并降低温室效应潜能。     

湖羊杂交组合筛选试验研究

将陶赛特、萨福克、杜泊、澳洲白羊作父本与湖羊母羊开展杂交试验,杂交一代分别与纯繁湖羊(湖×湖)进行生产性能及肉品质比较,以期筛选出适宜推广应用的杂交模式。结果:杂交一代的父本特征和杂种优势明显,3、6和10月龄体重显著高于湖×湖组(P<0.05),且以陶×湖组最高;10月龄屠宰,杂交一代组胴体重比湖×湖组平均高3.24 kg,其中陶×湖、杜×湖杂一代显著高于湖×湖组(P<0.05),以陶×湖杂一代最高;各组肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量/氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量/非必需氨基酸含量均显著高于联合国粮农组织推荐的优质蛋白质组成中氨基酸水平;总多不饱和脂肪酸酸含量/总饱和脂肪酸含量以萨×湖组最高、湖×湖组最低。综合分析各项指标,以陶×湖杂交组合效果最优。     

北方白菜型冬油菜的春化率、抗寒性和遗传多样性分析

以26份北方白菜型冬油菜为材料，通过观察记载冬前植物学性状、测定半致死温度(LT₅₀),分析冬油菜春播后的春化率与抗寒性的关系，并利用筛选出的SRAP、SSR和InDel标记对参试材料进行聚类和遗传多样性分析。结果表明，白菜型冬油菜植物学性状具有丰富变异，遗传多样性指数Simpson(D)变化范围为0.011～0.847,Shannon-Weaver(H)变化范围0.035～2.046,其中数值型性状叶柄长度的遗传多样性指数最大，非数值型性状生长习性的遗传多样性指数最小。参试材料春化率为6.59%～69.88%,半致死温度-3.52～-9.93℃。相关性分析表明，春化率与LT₅₀呈极显著正相关(P≤0.01),与生长习性呈显著正相关(P≤0.05),与叶色呈极显著负相关(P≤0.001)。遗传多样性分析表明，26份白菜型冬油菜共筛选出27对引物，共检测总等位基因数130个，有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为3.14,香农指数(I)平均为1.2073,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.6168,多态性信息含量(PIC)平均为0.5681。聚类和...     

施氮与刈割对陇东地区高羊茅产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响

为探究陇东地区高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea L.)草地高产、优质和氮肥高效利用的种植方式，本研究设置0kg·hm^-2(N1),80kg·hm^-2(N2)和160kg·hm^-2(N3)3个施氮量，每个施氮量下设置25 d(M1),50d(M2)和75d(M3)3个刈割频率。结果表明：N2和N3处理的全年干草产量、粗蛋白产量和氮吸收量显著高于N1，两年平均干草产量较N1分别增加13.5%和15.5%，两年平均粗蛋白产量分别增加21.34%和25.25%，并且N2较N3显著提高了氮肥利用效率。两年M2处理的干草产量和粗蛋白产量显著高于M3，而各营养成分含量与M3无显著差异。两年M1处理较M2，M3降低了酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber,ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergent fiber,NDF)含量，显著提高相对饲用价值。两年M2处理较M3显著提高了氮吸收量和氮肥利用效率。所有处理中，N3M2处理的营养品质综合评价最优，是一种提升牧草品质的管理措施，而N2M2处理获得了较高的干草产量和氮肥利用效率，是一种氮肥高效利用的管理策略。     

Crop yield and carbon sink potential with precipitation in maize and potato cropland ecosystems over the summertime monsoon transition zone of China

China has significantly enhanced vegetation coverage and terrestrial carbon sink functions through ecological restoration. However, cropland ecosystems are sensitive to a changing climate over the summertime monsoon transition zone of China (SMTZC), which has implications for carbon cycling. For example, it is unclear how changes in precipitation will affect the cropland ecosystem carbon sinks (CS_e) and carbon sink potential (CS_p), and the mechanisms of tradeoffs that develop between plant and soil organic carbon (SOC) are unclear. Here, we integrated crop yield, total biomass (TB) and water coefficient in a combined field and modelling experimental. We explored the mechanisms of ecosystem carbon cycling and CS_p in the SMTZC under different precipitation scenarios. We found that soil organic carbon sink (SOC_s) was strongly correlated with the plant organic carbon sink (POC_s) and discovered. Significant differences in CSp between ecosystems resulting from interannual precipitation. The C₄ (maize, Zea mays) and C₃ (potato, Solanum tuberosum L) carbon sinks (CSs) were 68.59, 190.73, 160.37 Mt and 10.21, 30.97, 14.59 Mt for the 3 years, respectively. Precipitation effectively increased TB and yield, but excessive precipitation in them, which was most obvious in C₃ ecosystem (R² > 0.60) and reduced POC_s, evident in C₄ ecosystem (R² > 0.16). This study provides data and a scientific basis for increasing CS and achieving carbon neutrality in cropland.     

中国西北干旱区石羊河流域重点治理综合效应评价

2007年中国启动石羊河流域重点治理项目，旨在提高用水效率，改善区域生态环境，全面准确地评价石羊河流域重点治理效应对于当地政策的调整与完善具有重要意义。该研究分析了石羊河流域重点治理前后气象、水文、生态、社会经济等多项指标的时空变化，并采用压力-状态-响应框架构建了石羊河流域生态系统健康评价模型，定量评估了流域重点治理综合效应。结果表明，石羊河流域气候呈现暖湿化的趋势，蔡旗断面年径流量提升至4.01×108m3。流域下游地下水超采状况得到改善，中游地下水埋深持续下降。流域耕地扩张与林地缩减趋势得到缓解。流域生态健康评价指数呈波动增加趋势，金昌市评价指数增长幅度略高于武威市，分别达到Ⅳ级0.353、Ⅲ级0.413，治理均取得积极效果。在重点治理的后续规划中，科学的水资源配置方案与农业灌溉用水规模控制是流域管理机构需要重点关注与推进的工作。