小流域水文及土壤侵蚀过程模拟方法研究

流域土壤侵蚀动态模拟,需要采用合适的方法对坡面—沟道耦合问题及初始和边界条件进行正确的处理。将流域划分为坡面侵蚀与沟道侵蚀,采用时间空间耦合处理方法,实现了小流域坡—沟侵蚀过程中水流与泥沙输送的面—线耦合及沟道间的线—线连接。给出了模拟流域土壤侵蚀过程的控制微分方程、初始条件、边界条件及坡面向沟道汇水输沙的动态模拟处理方法。得到了较为符合实际的流域土壤侵蚀动态模拟模型。模拟结果与室内实验测量结果的比较表明,模拟精度达到80%以上,说明了动态模拟方法的可行性。     

晋北半干旱区免耕对玉米光合和蒸腾特性的影响

采用田间小区试验,对覆盖免耕、留茬免耕和传统翻耕三种耕作方式下玉米不同生育期土壤温度、土壤含水量以及玉米蒸腾速率和净光合速率进行观测。结果表明:与翻耕相比,免耕可降低0-20cm土层的土壤温度;覆盖免耕玉米地土壤温度的降低幅度较大,而留茬免耕地则较小;免耕对土壤温度的降低作用随着玉米的生长发育而减弱。免耕能够提高土壤含水量,尤其是0-60cm土层。免耕与翻耕相比,在玉米苗期,叶片的蒸腾和光合速率降低,其中覆盖免耕玉米日平均蒸腾与光合速率比翻耕分别降低了8.5%和9.7%,差异显著;留茬免耕略有降低,但差异不显著。在拔节前期,免耕与翻耕田玉米的蒸腾和光合速率无显著差异;在拔节后期、抽穗期和灌浆期,覆盖免耕玉米蒸腾和光合速率均比翻耕显著提高;留茬免耕在灌浆期玉米的蒸腾与光合速率均比翻耕显著提高,其它时期与翻耕差异不显著。     

施肥方式对旱地土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

为了明确不同施肥方式下旱地土壤酶活性与养分间的相互关系,以30年(1979-2008)肥料长期定位试验地为基础,研究了不同施肥方式下旱地小麦田耕层(0~20cm)土壤酶活性与养分的变化趋势及其相关性。结果表明,相比单施氮肥和氮磷配施,小麦秸秆与氮磷配施的土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性以及土壤中全氮、全磷和有机质含量提高,但全钾含量降低。相关分析表明:土壤中的蔗糖酶活性与磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的活性,磷酸酶与过氧化物酶活性之间相关显著,相关系数依次为0.6747、0.5878、0.6414(n=9),其余酶活性之间相关不显著。土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶活性与土壤全氮含量,土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤全磷和有机质含量高度正相关,相关系数分别为0.9969、0.9997、0.9998、0.9863(n=9);多酚氧化酶活性与土壤中的全磷和有机质含量密切负相关,相关系数分别为0.9945、0.9587(n=9),而蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性与土壤中的全钾含量相关性较低。     

Soil degradation and mitigation in agricultural lands in the Indian Anthropocene

Current widespread and intensive soil degradation in India has been driven by unprecedented levels of population growth, large-scale industrialization, high-yield agriculture, urban sprawl and the spread of human infrastructure. The damage caused to managed and natural systems by soil degradation threatens livelihoods and local services and leads to national socio-economic disruption. Human-induced soil degradation results from land clearing and deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices, improper management of industrial effluents and wastes, careless management of forests, surface mining, urban sprawl, and ill-planned commercial and industrial development. Of these, inappropriate agricultural practices, including excessive tillage and use of heavy machinery, over-grazing, excessive and unbalanced use of inorganic fertilizers, poor irrigation and water management techniques, pesticide overuse, inadequate crop residue and/or organic carbon inputs, and poor crop cycle planning, account for nearly 40% (121 Mha) of land degradation across India. Globally, human activities related to agriculture contribute to the transgression of four of the nine Planetary Boundaries proposed by Rockström et al. (2009): Climate Change, Biodiversity Integrity, Land-system Change, and altered Phosphorus and Nitrogen Biogeochemical Flows. This review focuses on how knowledge of soil processes in agriculture has developed in India over the past 10 years, and the potential of soil science to meet the objectives of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger (End hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture), using the context of the four most relevant Planetary Boundaries as a framework. Solutions to mitigate soil degradation and improve soil health in different regions using conservation agricultural approaches have been proposed. Thus, in this review we (1) summarize the outputs of recent innovative research in India that has explored the impacts of soil degradation on four Planetary Boundaries (Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, Land-system Change, and altered Biogeochemical Flows of Phosphorus and Nitrogen) and vice-versa; and (2) identify the knowledge gaps that require urgent attention to inform developing soil science research agendas in India, to advise policy makers, and to support those whose livelihoods rely on the land.     

东北黑土坡耕地不同水力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响

集中水流条件下细沟土壤侵蚀过程对研究细沟侵蚀机理与土壤侵蚀预报有着重要的意义,并且为土壤侵蚀模型其他重要参数比如剥蚀率、可蚀性参数提供基础数据。为了研究东北黑土坡耕地不同水动力条件下坡长对土壤细沟侵蚀的影响,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,测量含沙量随坡长的分布。试验设计包括4个坡度(5?、10?、15?、20?)与3个流量(1、2、4 L/min),在不同水力条件下,测量不同坡长(0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8m)含沙量。结果表明含沙量在各种水力条件下均随坡长增加,且其增加的速率随坡长减小。对坡长与含沙量系列数据用幂指数函数拟合,其决定系数R2在0.85到0.99之间。因此,黑土坡耕地细沟侵蚀产生的含沙量随坡长呈幂指数增加,且含沙量在一定坡长之后将达到最大值。随坡度和流量的增大,水流在更短的坡长上侵蚀并携带更大的最大含沙量。该文对进一步理解与研究细沟侵蚀过程有着重要的意义,且为深入研究细沟侵蚀提供了数据支撑,为土壤侵蚀模型剥蚀率、可蚀性参数等提供依据。     

薯-豆套作模式下作物对种间竞争与补偿作用的响应

以马铃薯-大豆套作模式为研究对象,通过2年的大田试验,分析不同熟期大豆品种与马铃薯组合后系统内作物干物质和养分积累的特性与种间竞争补偿的相互关系,阐明间套作系统种间竞争力弱化和恢复补偿能力提高的作用机理,为实现间套作可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明:套作马铃薯干物质及养分积累无显著变化,而套作大豆变化显著。出苗60 d内套作大豆干物质积累量是同期单作的43.74%,出苗后80～100 d,晚熟品种干物质积累量相对于中熟和早熟提高的幅度分别为35.54%～59.22%和65.56%～70.81%,大豆收获时,晚熟品种干物质积累接近单作,两者间差异不显著。共生期,套作大豆N、P、K积累量较同期单作降低的幅度分别为31.43%～41.44%、21.17%～25.36%和23.23%～35.6%,晚熟品种与中熟、早熟品种间差异达到显著水平。共生期结束后,套作大豆养分吸收量较单作显著增加,收获时,晚熟品种N、P、K养分积累量接近单作,两者间差异不显著。综上,在该群体中,马铃薯是核心作物,共生期处于竞争优势(A_PS>0、CR_PS>0),而大豆处于竞争弱势(A_PS<0、CR_PS<0),选择晚熟大豆品种与马铃薯组合可弱化种间竞争力和营养竞争比率,还有利于马铃薯收获后恢复补偿能力的发挥。     

基于结构方程模型的油菜性状和产量关系研究

为量化描述和分析甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)种植结构的调整以及相关性状变化对产量的影响,本研究利用结构方程模型对连续10年品种选育所得的168组产量和相关性状等数据进行分析,并对不同密度下相关性状和产量数据进行显著性分析。结果显示,在本实验密度范围内随着种植密度的增加,单株产量显著降低,且主要通过单株有效角果数影响单株产量,但总产量呈上升的趋势。研究所选各个性状对单株产量的总效应为:单株有效角果数>分枝数>千粒重>主花序有效角数>主花序有效长>每果粒数。因此,在培育更具有耐密性和对环境适用性的品种的同时,要选育拥有更多单株有效角果数和分枝数的品种以稳定单株产量,综合提高油菜总产量。     

Suitable inflow rate and furrow length for simplified surge flow irrigation

Paddy and Water Environment - In the arid lands covering Uzbekistan, furrow irrigation with low application efficiency is still widely used due to a lack of funds and shortage of labor. To save...     

灌溉时期和灌水量对海河平原区紫花苜蓿生产性能的影响

为了探讨紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）在海河平原区适宜的灌溉技术,2015-2017年选用1龄苜蓿和2龄苜蓿为试验材料,设置6种灌溉处理,研究不同灌水处理对苜蓿产草量、农艺性状、水分利用效率的影响。试验结果显示：在海河平原区,苜蓿产草量随着灌水量增加略有升高,但差异不显著。年增加灌水量225 mm处理与不灌水处理相比,苜蓿3年累计增产仅为6.13 t·hm^-2,并且随着灌水量的增加,苜蓿水分利用效率逐渐降低,且差异极显著（P<0.01）。综合分析显示,在海河平原区水资源极度紧缺情况下苜蓿种植一般无需灌溉,但在年度降雨量较少,特别是冬春季节降雨较少的年份,建议对苜蓿进行1次补灌,选择灌冻水,灌水量75 mm,可能对提高苜蓿当年生物产量以及提高苜蓿持续生产能力具有一定促进作用。     

Trends in grain yields and soil organic C in a long‐term fertilization experiment in the China Loess Plateau

Changes in grain yields and soil organic carbon (SOC) from a 26 y dryland fertilization trial in Pingliang, Gansu, China, were recorded. Cumulative C inputs from straw and root and manure for fertilizer treatments were estimated. Mean wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields for the 18 y ranged from 1.72 t ha^–1 for the unfertilized plots (CK) to 4.65 t ha^–1 for the plots that received manure (M) annually with inorganic N and P fertilizers (MNP). Corn (Zea mays L.) yields for the 6 y averaged 2.43 and 5.35 t ha^–1 in the same treatments. Yields declined with year except in the CK for wheat. Wheat yields for N only declined with time by 117.8 kg ha^–1 y^–1 that was the highest decrease among all treatments, and that for NP declined by 84.7 kg ha^–1 y^–1, similar to the declines of 77.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 for the treatment receiving straw and N annually and P every second year (SNP). Likewise, the corn yields declined highly for all treatments, and the declined amounts ranged from 108 to 258 kg ha^–1 y^–1 which was much higher than in wheat. These declined yields were mostly linked to both gradual dry weather and nutrients depletion of the soil. The N only resulted in both P and K deficiency in the soil, and soil N and K negative balances in the NP and MNP were obvious. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased with time except in the CK and N treatments, in which SOC remained almost stable. In the MNP and M treatments, 24.7% and 24.0% of the amount of cumulative C input from organic sources remained in the soil as SOC, but 13.7% of the C input from straw and root in the SNP, suggesting manure is more effective in building soil C than straw. Across the 26 y cropping and fertilization, annual soil‐C sequestration rates ranged from 0.014 t C ha^–1 y^–1 for the CK to 0.372 t C ha^–1 y^–1 for the MNP. We found a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.74, p = 0.025) between SOC sequestration and cumulative C input, with C conversion–to–SOC rate of 16.9%, suggesting these dryland soils have not reached an upper limit of C sequestration.